GEN 3022 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Introduction II Vocabulary III Mendel and the Pea Plant Experiments a Advantages of using the garden pea b Seven Characters of Inheritance in Peas c Experimental Set up IV Conclusions of the Experiments a Patterns of inheritance b Mendel s Law of Segregation c Mendel s Law of Independent Assortment d Recessive vs Dominant V Punnett Squares Outline of Current Lecture I Review of Mendel s Laws a Law of Segregation b Law of Independent Assortment II Dihybrid Test Cross III Pedigree Analysis These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute a Explanation IV Probability a Explanation b General Equation c Random Sampling Error d Product Rule i Example e Binomial Expansion Equation i Example V Chi Square Test a Goodness of Fit b Null Hypothesis c Equation Current Lecture I II III Review of Mendel s Laws a Law of Segregation each parent contributes one copy of each gene one allele to each offspring b Law of Independent Assortment different unlinked genes randomly segregate into haploid cells only works with dihybrid crosses Dihybrid Test Cross used to prove the law of independent assortment and determine if an individual is homozygous or heterozygous a The individual is crossed with a homozygous individual homozygous recessive b If the two genes sort independently there will be a 1 1 1 1 ratio among the offspring Pedigree Analysis a Another name for this is a family tree b Used to follow a given trait usually a disease through generations i Different symbols represent the types of individuals 1 Circle female IV V 2 Square Male 3 Shaded Circle Square affected individual 4 Blank Circle Square unaffected individual 5 Circle Square with a slash through it deceased individual ii Can be used to determine if a trait disease is recessive or dominant based on the offspring Probability a Definition chance that an event will occur in the future b Equation P of times an event occurs total of events c Random Sampling Error chance that the results of a probability experiment are due to random chance and sample size not desired 1 RSE is large for small samples 2 RSE is small for large samples d Product Rule i The probability that two or more independent events the occurrence of one event will not affect the probability of another will occur is equal to the product of their respective probabilities ii Ex a couple has four children What is the probability that they would have four boys Answer x x x 1 16 e Binomial Expansion Equation i Probability of a given set of unordered events occurring ii Equation P n x n x px qn x iii P probability n number of events x number of events in one category p individual probability of x q individual probability of the other category iv means factorial for example 4 4x3x2x1 v p q 1 f The product rule and binomial expansion equation can be used in combination i Ex what is the probability that a couple s first child will be a boy and then three of their next four children will be girls ii Answer use product rule first then binomial expansion equation Chi Square Test a A statistical method used to determine goodness of fit i Goodness of fit how close the observed data are to those predicted from a hypothesis ii Null Hypothesis used in tandem with the goodness of fit The hypothesis is that the data obtained is due to random chance alone random sampling error b Equation X2 O E E 2 i After applying this equation the X2 value is applied to a P value table ii Using the degrees of freedom n 1 find the P value in the table iii If the P value is greater than 0 05 then the null hypothesis will be accepted meaning that the data is due to random sampling error iv If the P value is less than or equal to 0 05 then the null hypothesis will be rejected meaning that the data is not due to random sampling error
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