MUSC 200 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Brief description of Rock in relation to TPAII. Tin Pan Alley – what it is, location, name originsIII. Social Context of TPA in the 1890sa. Geography of NYCb. New technology IV. Past Music Publishing Companies vs. TPAa. Music change from business to industryb. VaudevilleOutline of Current Lecture I. Song PluggingII. Economics of TPAIII. TPA and New Media Technologya. Cylinder recordsb. Radioc. MoviesIV. Musical Style in TPACurrent LectureTin Pan Alley and the Birth of the Music Industry (cont.)- Tin Pan Alley could refer to either the group of publishing houses or the style of music published by those housesSong Plugging- Modern day plugging: actors, actresses, musicians, etc. on late night talk shows promoting their movie, tv show, new album, etc.- Song pluggers were hired marketers whose job was to get a song into the public as muchas possible and in as many ways as possible- Showrooms provided an easy way for marketers to get their songs outo Some pluggers would stand outside and shout at people walking by, sometimes even dragging people in to listenThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Pluggers cruised bars, night clubs, and theaters to pay (either in cash or with gifts) musicians and booking agents to play the newest songo Vaudeville especially was a good market for TPA songs- Had to get the audience excited about new songs being performed o Popularity is about creating a powerful impression and getting people talking about it before they’d even heard it.o TPA would hire “shillers” – people paid to sit in the audience and get really excited and into the song, sometimes singing along during the choruso Lyric sheets for the new songs would be passed out so the audience could sing along Gabbing the audience’s attention is half of the battle, if the song was good enough, it would take of- An early form of multimedia at shows would be lantern slides (image projection)o Would show images that related to the song, relative to the modern day music video or album artwork- Pluggers would promote anywhere there would be music – picnics, cruises, political rallies, etc.Economics- Capitalism: crush the competition- TPA grew to be an oligopoly o Oligopoly: few publishing firms who had similar styles and controlled the music industry, especially concerning prices Limited competitiono Only 3-4 large publishing firms at this time Made things more difficult for songwriters who used to be able to sell their songs to many publishing houses- Non-compete clauses: companies agree not to entice each other’s employees away by ofering them higher payo Good for companies, bad for employees and consumersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is bestused as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Song plugging led to market control by a few companies because smaller publishing houses didn’t have the funds to hire people to plug their songs so they eventually went out of businessTPA and New Media Technology- New technology created problems for TPA- Cylinder Record player (top right): mechanical devicefor playing cylinder records (bottom right)o Hollow wax cylinder was placed in player andthe handle was crankedo Someone spoke into the horn and a needleengraved the pattern of inflecting sound waves Sound is changes in air pressure When someone spoke into the horn, the sound would go down the horn and hit a membrane which had theneedle attached to it The sound waves would push theneedle deeper or more shallow Changes in air pressure were storedin the waxo The wax cylinder was hardened by achemical process and then could be placedback into the record player and replayed Crank the machine Needle would go into the groove and move up and down just like it did while the recording process was happeningo Cylinder records made sound transcend timeo This process started in the 1870s, but it wasn’t until 1901 that it had been improved enough for music to be able to be recordedo The original purpose of cylinder recordings was to record political oratories o Was used mainly for business dictation before 1901These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is bestused as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Brass bands and opera were the first to be recorded due to their volume and popularityo Between 1901-1903, popular TPA music started making it onto cylinder recordso TPA thought at first that it was a fad and ignored cylinder records Realized it was becoming a big thing and people where making a good amount of money of of it so they began to lobby Congress to for new Copyright laws- Copyright Act of 1909: every time a record was manufactured, 2 cents had to be paid to the music publishero Made the companies who made cylinder recordings mado Doesn’t really make sense as all the publisher did was publish the sheet music But TPA had the power and the money, not the smaller cylinder record making companies or the songwriters- 1914: American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) was formedo Independent organizationo Royalty rights collection organizationo By this time, Copyright law had adjusted so the songwriters received some moneyo Musically restrictive – rewarded older and more established songwriters moreo Only represented white artists and also would not originally represent country artists ASCAP considered TPA music better than other musico Today: if businesses want to play songs that are copyrighted by ASCAP, they have to pay ASCAP a monthly fee- Radio: in 1920, the first commercial radio broadcast aired in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvaniao Radio made sound transcend spaceo Appealed to the working class who couldn’t always aford to buy a new cylinder record for each new song they wanted to hearThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is bestused as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. One time purchase ensured that they would keep hearing new musico The Radio Oligopoly: CBS and NBCo Radio was a huge hit, by 1922 $60 million had been spent on radio sets, by 1929 $842 million had been spent One in three households had a radio in the U.S.o ASCAP lobbied