Econ 101 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Lecture 1 (January 14)Introduction to Tonga and Cathy SmallCathy Small wrote Voyages From a Tongan Village to the American Suburbs in 1997. Small was Jewish, but downplayed that during her studies. Her Research process included key cultural consultants, other research methods, longitudinal research, and self- reflexive ethnography. Small asks a few of the Tongan people to keep journals of their daily activity. Small was initially interested in economics when she starts the research but later focuses on migration because she noticed her research subjects were leaving.An overview of the U.S. immigration policy during the time of Small’s research- 1790: Free White Persons (men)- 1860s: Slavery ends- 1880s Chinese Exclusion Act- 1921/1924: National Origin Quota Laws- 1965: Immigration and Nationality Act- 1986: Immigration Reform and Control ActLegal permanent residency prioritizes people by family reunification (58% of 1.1 million), skilled workers, investors, random lottery ( year 2000: 8 million applications, 110,000 selected, 178 were Tongans), and refugees/political asylum. In the video about Tonga the Tongan people perform a dance that includes male and female roles. The women and men are segregated from each other. However, both males and females dress similarly and sing together. In this video, a man’s oldest daughter is performing the Tau’lunga dance for his birthday. The daughter is dressed in bright colors. The movements of the dance are very slow and graceful. She is telling a story with her hand motions. The people put cash on the dancer near the end.Lecture 2 (January 21) Tongan TraditionsTongan religion includes several gods. - Hukule’o (Supreme god)- Aloala (Rain, wind, Agriculture, Harvest)- Maui (Holding up the islands)- 5 sea gods- Soul godsCommunity celebrations and exchanges included dancing, elaborate dress, singing, drinking, etc. The celebrations included the use of Tapa cloth, baskets, and mats. “The Tongan Way” of raising children involves respect, exchanges, and obligations. Children were not able to touch the top of their father’s head as a sign of respect. Also, there is a separation between outside and inside activities such as a separation between cooking and eating areas. In Tonga each person in the family has specific roles. The father is the head of the household. The eldest sister is spoiled as a child but has more responsibilities as she gets older. The eldest son inherits the family’s land. The father’s sister has a special role. She can “adopt” a child from the family and the family just hands the child over to her. Kings and Queens of Tonga included Queen Sālote (1918-1965), King Tāufa’ āhau Tupou IV. (1965-2006) At the Tongan wedding people were dressed similarly to wedding dress of the U.S. The ceremony is typically extra flashy and the meal is elaborate. Usually, each table will have it’s own roasted pig. After the bride and groom had their first dance and ate cake, Tongan people danced traditional dances and presented mats to the bride and groom.Lecture 3 (January 26)Cultural OverviewIn the video about Bali we learned about the Hindu religion. The priestly class is the highest class in the religion. They prepare the holy water. The high priest and his wife officiate a ceremony on the 105th day of a baby’s life. Before this day they believe the baby still belongs to the deities and does not even receive a name. On the 105th day the baby is allowed to touch theground for the first time and becomes her mother’s child instead of a deity’s child. There are at least 365 different definitions of culture. Culture includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by people as members of a society. There are different characteristics of culture. Culture is learned consciously and unconsciously. Cultures have systems of symbolic meanings, and teach us how to express biological and natural urges in particular ways. Different aspects of culture are interrelated, patterned systems. A change in one aspect of culture usually entails changes in other aspects. Example: Increasing numbers of women in the United States working outside the home from the 1950s and on. People use culture actively andcreatively. Culture is a process not a thing. Many cultures have origins before nation-states were ever created. However, today we have international and transnational cultures as well as national cultures and subcultures.People are raised by certain rules and norms but people don’t always follow them. Rules and norms vary according to subject positions of individuals and are subject to interpretation. These rules can be contested and changed. There are struggles within cultures over meaning of symbols and values. Cultures can be adaptive or maladaptive with respect to the environment.National cultures have some shared beliefs, symbols, and ideals, but they do not always agree. There are changes over time among people’s beliefs. Subcultures include religion, ethnicity, language, class, region, age, etc.Practices in one culture should not be judges the standards of another culture. Lecture 4 (January 28)Religion and RitualsCollective Effervescence includes community spirit, solidarity, effervescence (some) social hierarchies temporarily suspended Mardis Gras, Canaval in Brazil. Several societies have rites of passage for coming of age, joining of organizations, etc. Rituals can be formal, stylized, repetitive, stereotyped practices usually performed in special places at set times. Rituals usually include social acts with groups and participation instead of having an audience. Rituals can be religious or secular. For example: At UT football games we have the Vol Walk. That is a ritual.There can be personal or group transformations through rituals and rites of passage. Religion creates a sense of group unity through shared practices, collective effervescence, inclusion, and exclusion. Religion can explain mysteries, reduce anxiety, offer hope, and help people cope with adversity. Religion can mobilize emotions such as joy, fear, etc. Religion can be used to control natural and/or social worlds and to achieve specific aims. Religion provides moral codes (values)that can guide practices and beliefs, produce regret, anxiety, etc.Videos Saints and Spirits Film- In a ceremony, the people use a black goat that they raise