BIO 241 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 7 Lecture 1 January 12 Introduction to the Blood What can a specialized cell not do It cannot protect itself seek and procure food or move away from its own wastes What is the hematocrit The hematocrit is the percentage out of the total blood that are RBCs In a centrifuge they will sink to the bottom because they are densest How does hematopoiesis occur Which cells come from each stem cell First there are hemocytoblasts that become either myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells Myeloid stem cells make the most variety Growth factors such as erythropoietin and thrombopoietin turn the stem cell into erythrocytes and thrombocytes respectively Lecture 2 January 14 What do erythrocytes contain Are they true cells They contain sacs of hemoglobin which give them their red color No they are not true cells because they lack a nucleus How many iron containing heme groups form 1 hemoglobin molecule Four heme groups form 1 hemoglobin Each hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygens and 1 carbon dioxide What are the required substances for erythrocyte synthesis How are they destroyed Iron globulin vitamin B12 and erythropoietin are all required for RBC synthesis Two million RBCs are destroyed every second by the liver and spleen The hemoglobin is recycled What are the granulocytes The agranulocytes What is each responsible for The granulocytes consist of the neutrophils eosinophils and the basophils Neutrophils are the most abundant 60 and phagocytize bacteria Eosinophils are around 2 4 and are mostly known for their histaminases They phagocytize Ab Ag complexes and allergens and are antiparasitic Basophils are the least abundant 1 and they secrete histamine and heparin The agranulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes Lymphocytes are the second most abundant and are responsible for immunity They are the smallest of the WBCs Monocytes become macrophages that phagocytize debris and do ag presentation What are the steps for the containment of a pathogen Chemotaxis chemotactic factors margination pavementing diapedesis and emigration are all steps that WBCs take after containment Where do thrombocytes come from What do they contain Thrombocytes are shed from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes They contain clotting factors to stop bleeding Lecture 3 January 16 What is hemostasis What three basic mechanisms go into action after a vascular injury Hemostasis is the control of bleeding To control bleeding three things occur vascular spasm platelet plug formation and coagulation Platelet plug formation has three substeps adhesion release reaction and aggregation What is syneresis aka clot retraction What is another name for clot dissolution Syneresis is the cross linking of fibrin which causes compaction of clot into the wound site Fibrinolysis is the term for clot dissolution Blood recipient has type A blood Can she receive type A plasma yes type A RBCs yes type B plasma no type B RBCs no type AB plasma yes type AB RBCs no type O plasma no type O RBCs yes You should be able to do this for all blood types Look back at lecture 3 notes to help Lecture 4 January 21 What causes hemolytic disease of a newborn The mother is Rh negative and her first baby is Rh positive The fetal Rh positive blood enters the maternal circulation through the placenta The mom s body will then make anti Rh positive antibodies The second baby will have the disease if the baby is Rh positive since the mother s antibodies will want to destroy the positive Rh Which half the heart is the pulmonary circulation and which half is the systemic circulation The right half is pulmonary and the left is systemic Name the layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep What is the pericardial cavity Outer fibrous layer inner serous layer which is composed of the parietal and then the visceral layer It is the space between the parietal and visceral layer What are the layers of the heart wall superficial to deep What are some characteristics of the myocardium Epicardium myocardium and endocardium The myocardium is striated involuntary branched and contains intercalated discs What are the 4 heart chambers in order of blood flow Right atria right ventricle left atria and left ventricle What are the 2 septa of the heart and which one is more muscular The least muscular is the interatrial septum and the most muscular is the interventricular septum List the way blood flows beginning with the blood coming from the body SVC IVC and coronary sinus Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary arteries Lungs Left atrium Bicuspid Mitral valve Left ventricle Aortic valve Aorta Body What are the AV valves compared to the SL valves The AV valves are the bicuspid and tricuspid valves They have chordae tendineae which are fiber like projections that attach to the papillary muscle These two structures allow for the valve to open close The SL valves are the pulmonary and the aortic valve They are arranged as 3 half moon cusps Lecture 5 January 23 What are the left and right coronary arteries The left are the anterior interventricular and the circumflex artery The right are the posterior interventricular and the marginal artery What ultimately receives all cardiac venous blood and returns it to the heart The coronary sinus does this How does the heart stimulate itself What modifies but does not establish the fundamental rhythm of the heart The heart stimulates itself with autorhythmic cells The autonomic nervous system and hormones both modify but do not establish What are the components of the conduction system of the heart Which is the primary and secondary pacemaker The sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes internodal fibers atrioventricular bundle right and left bundle branches and the purkinje fibers The primary pacemaker is the SA node and the secondary is the AV node Where does the cardiac muscle contract first Last Why is there such a delay across the AV node The atria contract first and the ventricles contract last There is a delay because the AV node purposely slows down the signal so that the atrium have time to contract first followed by the ventricles What events are occurring at P QRS complex and T P atrial depolarization contraction QRS ventricular depolarization contraction and atrial repolarization relaxation T ventricular repolarization relaxation Lecture 6 January 26 What two phenomena control blood flow What is the pressure developed within a chamber related to