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UNCW BIO 241 - What the functions of each are

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BIO 241 1st Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I. Stomach regulation – cephalic phaseII. Stomach regulation – gastric phaseIII. Negative feedback of gastric phaseIV. Stomach regulation – intestinal phaseV. Gastric emptyingVI. Digestion and absorption in stomachVII. Accessory organs – pancreasVIII. Pancreatic juiceIX. Pancreatic regulationOutline of Current Lecture II. Accessory organs – liverIII. Liver histologyIV. Bile and its regulationV. Other liver functionsVI. Accessory organs – gallbladderVII. Small intestine gross anatomyVIII. Small intestine histologyIX. Mechanical digestion in small intestineX. Chemical digestion in small intestineCurrent LectureII. Four lobes form the liver: left, right, caudate, and quadrate lobes. The left and right lobe are joined by the falciform ligament. Bile is moved, stored, and created in the bile canaliculi and bile ducts. III. The liver consists of hepatic lobules, hepatocytes, central vein, sinusoids, and the portal triad which consists of the hepatic portal vein branch, hepatic artery branch, and bile duct branch. Blood flows through the liver by hepatic portal vein branch, hepatic artery branch, sinusoid, central vein, inferior vena cava. Bile flows from the hepatocytes, to the bile canaliculi, and to thebile duct. IV. Bile is the emulsification of fats and is produced continuously at a slow rate. Secretion increases in response to vagus nerve – psychic and gastric phases and secretin – from the duodenum during intestinal phase. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.V. Other than producing bile, the liver functions to metabolize lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Carbohydrate metabolism results in glycogenesis (creation of glycogen), glycogenolysis (splitting of glycogen), and gluconeogenesis (creation of glucose from new material). Protein metabolism results in deamination (-NH2), urea formation, and plasma protein production. The liver is also responsible for detoxification, storage, phagocytosis of RBCs, and activation of vitamin D. VI. The gallbladder stores/concentrates bile via thebiliary tract which consists of common hepatic duct+ cystic duct = common bile duct + main pancreatic duct = ampulla of VaterIt also has the sphincter of Oddi. VII. The small intestine in a cadaver, which means theintestine is relaxed and therefore longer, is about 21feet by 1 inch. The duodenum is about 10 inches, thejejunum is about 8 feet, the ileum is about 10 feet, and ends with the ileocecal sphincter that leads to the large intestine. VIII. The small intestine has anatomical modifications which all result in increased surface area to increase absorption. The total length, plicae circulares (fold in entire intestine, villi (finger-like fold in mucosa), and microvilli aka brush border (folds in simple columnar epithelium). Peyer’s patches are mostly found in the ileum and are congregations of lymphocytes.IX. Mechanical digestion in the small intestine occurs by peristalsis and segmentation (think of sausages linked by individual casings). X. Chemical digestion occurs by intestinal glands, juices, and brush border enzymes such as maltase, lactase, and


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UNCW BIO 241 - What the functions of each are

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