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UNCW BIO 241 - Exam 7 Study Guide

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BIO 241 1st Edition Exam #7 Study GuideBIO 241 COURSE OBJECTIVES and VOCABULARY LISTLEARNING MODULE 1Chapter 18 -- The Circulatory System: Blood1. Define the principal physical characteristics of blood and the functions of the various components.Formed elements (45%)RBCsWBCsThrombocytesPlasma (55%)5. Identify the stages involved in blood clotting and explain the roles of the various componentsinvolved.vascular spasmplatelet plug formationadhesion – stick to wound siterelease reaction - degranulationaggregation – more platelets stickcoagulation16. Explain the ABO and Rh blood grouping systems.Chapter 19 -- The Circulatory System: Heart1. Describe the location of the heart.middle mediastinum3. Explain the structural and functional features of the conduction system of the heart.Sinoatrial (SA) node90 – 100 action potentials/minprimary pacemakerInternodal fibersAtrioventricular (AV) node40 – 50 action potentials/minsecondary pacemakerAtrioventricular (AV) bundleRight and left bundle branchesPurkinje fibers5. Describe the phases associated with a cardiac cycle.VENTRICULAR FILLING2In diastole, ventricles expand andpressure decreases.AV valves open when atrial pr. > ventricular pr.ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTIONAtrial diastole beginsVentricular systole beginsAV valves close when ventricular pr. > atrial pr.No blood is ejected because arterial pr.> ventricular pr.VENTRICULAR EJECTIONVentricular pr. > arterial pr.SL valves open when ventricular pr. > arterial pr.Rapid ejection, then reduced ejectionISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATIONEarly ventricular diastoleVentricles expand, pr. decreasesSL valves close when arterial pr. > ventricular pr.Isovolumetric because the SL valves are closedand AV valves are still closed6. Define cardiac output and describe the factors that affect it.Cardiac output = amount of bloodejected from the left ventricle into the aortaper minuteStroke volume (SV) (how much blood is ejectedwith one cardiac cycle)Heart rate (HR) 37. Explain how heart rate is regulated.AUTONOMICSensory inputbaroreceptors (measure pressure)chemoreceptors (measure H+)Cardiovascular center of the medullaMotor outputCHEMICALepinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine, andglucagon increase HRincreased K+ decreases HRmoderate increase in Ca2+ increases HRTHE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOODABO group erythropoiesis margination agglutination erythropoietin megakaryocyte agglutinin fibrin monocyte agglutinogen fibrinogen myeloid pathway agranulocyte fibrinolysis neutrophil albumin formed elements pavementing ameboid motion globulins plasma antibody granulocyte plasma proteins antihistamine hematocrit plasminogen heme group hematopoiesis platelet basophil hemocytoblast platelet adhesion bile pigments hemoglobin platelet aggregation bilirubin hemolysis platelet plug biliverdin hemosiderin platelet release reactionblood hemostasis prothrombin blood types heparin prothrombinase chemotactic factors histamine red bone marrow chemotaxis internal environment Rh groupcoagulation leukocyte thrombin diapedesis leukopoiesis thrombocyte emigration lymphocyte thrombopoiesis eosinophil lymphoid pathway vascular spasmerythroblastosis fetalis macrophage viscosityerythrocyte4THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEARTafterload cusps pericardial fluidanterior interventricular artery diastasis pericardial sac(left anterior descending) diastole pericardiumaorta ejection fraction physiologic heart blockaortic valve electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) posterior interventriculararteryapex of the heart end-diastolic volume (EDV) preloadatrial systole end-systolic volume (ESV) pressure gradientatrioventricular (AV) bundle (of His) endocardium primary pacemakeratrioventricular (AV) node foramen ovale pulmonary circuitatrioventricular (coronary) sulcus fossa ovalis pulmonary trunkatrioventricular (AV) valves Frank-Starling law of the heart pulmonary valveautorhythmic cells functional syncytium pulmonary veinsbaroreflexes heart rate Purkinje fibersbase of the heart heart sounds QRS complexbicuspid (mitral) valve inferior vena cava quiescent periodbundle branches interatrial septum rapid ventricular fillingcardiac cycle intercalated discs right atriumcardiac (fibrous) skeleton interventricular septum right coronary arterycardiac muscle (muscular, membranous) right ventriclecardiac output interventricular sulcus secondary pacemakercardiac reserve isovolumetric contraction semilunar valvescardiac veins isovolumetric relaxation sinoatrial (SA) nodecardioacceleratory center left atrium sinus rhythmcardioinhibitory center left coronary artery stroke volume (SV)cardiovascular center left ventricle superior vena cavachemoreflexes marginal artery systolechordae tendineae middle mediastinum systemic circuitcircumflex artery myocardium T wavecoronary sinus nodal rhythm trabeculae carneaeconduction system P wave tricuspid valveconduction system timing P-R interval vagal tonecontractility papillary muscles ventricular ejectioncoronary circulation parietal pericardium visceral pericardium (epicardium)BIO 241 COURSE OBJECTIVES and VOCABULARY LISTLEARNING MODULE 2Chapter 20 -- The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation1. Contrast the structure and function of the various types of blood vessels.ARTERIESElastic (conducting or large)tunica media rich in elastinpressure reservoirsexamplesaorta and its immediate branchesMuscular (distributing or medium)tunica media rich in smooth muscle5great contractilityblood shuntingcollateral circulation/anastomosesexamplesregional arteries – brachial, femoral, renal, splenic, etcResistance (small)ARTERIOLES1 – 5 layers of smooth muscle cellshighest contractility vasoconstriction vasodilationblood shuntingCAPILLARIESMicroscopicDistributionExchangeSimple squamousPrecapillary sphinctersVasomotionContinuousFenestratedSinusoidsVENULES AND VEINSSame basic tunicsLarger lumenThinner tunica mediaVery distensibleValves2. Explain how blood pressure is developed, maintained, and controlled.Principal determinants of BPcardiac output (direct)CO = SV x HRCO = (EDV – ESV) x HRblood volume (direct)peripheral resistance (direct)blood viscosityvessel lengthvessel radius63. Explain the factors that regulate the velocity and volume of blood flow.If total cross-sectional area increases, then velocity decreases (aorta tocapillaries).If total cross-sectional area decreases, then velocity increases (capillaries toaorta).HormonesNeural controlLocal control (ability of


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UNCW BIO 241 - Exam 7 Study Guide

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