BIO 241 1st EditionExam # 5 Study Guide Lectures: 23 - 28Lecture 23 (March 23)Substances that can be actively transported from the lumen of the nephron into theinterstitial space of the kidneys include:1. Glucose. 3. Sodium ions.2. Amino acids. 4. Chloride ions.The filtration membrane of the blood-kidney barrier consists of:1. Capillary endothelial cells.2. A basement membrane.3. Podocytes.4. The parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule.What does the renal corpuscle consist of?Glomerulus encased in the bowman’s capsule.Lecture 24 (September 25) The juxtaglomerular apparatus is stimulated to secrete renin:A. When the peritubular capillaries become constricted due to increased bloodpressure.B. When the pH of urine decreases.C. By an increase in the rate of filtrate flow through the distal tubule.D. By a decrease in blood supply to the kidneys.E. When glomerular filtration rate is increased above normal.The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of:1. Cells of the efferent arteriole.2. Cells of the afferent arteriole3. Macula densa of the proximal convoluted tubule4. Macula densa of the distal convoluted tubulePrimary site of tubular reabsorptionProximal tubuleArea of nephron where filtrate is concentrated by the countercurrent mechanism and area ofnephron associated with vasa recta capillariesLoop of HenleStructure that conveys filtrate to the renal pelvisCollecting ductLecture 25 (March 27)With all other things being equal:A. Net filtration pressure is greatest when the efferent arteriole is vasodilated.B. Net filtration pressure is greatest when the efferent arteriole is vasoconstricted.C. Net filtration pressure is not affected by the diameter of the efferent arteriole.When all other factors stay the same:A. Net filtration pressure increases when the plasma protein concentrationdecreases.B. Net filtration pressure decreases when the plasma protein concentrationdecreases.C. There is no relationship between net filtration pressure and plasma proteinconcentration.Assuming normal conditions, note whether each of the following substances would be:A. In greater concentration in the urine than in the filtrateB. In greater concentration in the filtrate than in the urineC. Absent from both urine and filtrateB32. WaterB33. Sodium ionsC34. Red blood cellsB35. GlucoseC36. Albumin and other plasma proteinsA37. UreaA38. Calcium ions when calcitonin is present in the bloodIf a substance has exceeded its tubular maximum Tm in the renal tubules, it is likely that:A. Urine volume will increase.B. Urine volume will decrease.C. The concentration in the blood is unusually high.D. The concentration of the substance in the blood is unusually low.E. Both A and C are correct.Lecture 26 (March 30)If you say that the clearance value for glucose is zero, how is this to be interpreted?A. No glucose is filtered out of the blood.B. All glucose is filtered out of the blood.C. The clearance value of glucose is low, but small amounts of glucose are normallyfound in the urine.D. Normally all glucose that is filtered is reabsorbed.E. Normally all glucose is allowed to pass into the urine.In the female, the urinary bladder is located:A. Posterior to the pubic symphysis, superior to the uterus, and anterior to thevagina.B. Anterior to the pubic symphysis, inferior to the uterus, and posterior to thevagina.C. Posterior to the pubic symphysis, inferior to the uterus, and anterior to thevagina.D. Posterior to the pubic symphysis, superior to the uterus, and posterior to thevagina.E. Anterior to the pubic symphysis, superior to the uterus, and posterior to thevagina.Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases:1. The reabsorption of sodium ions. 3. Aldosterone secretion.2. ADH secretion. 4. Urine volume.Voluntary micturition:1. Involves central nervous system centers other than in the sacral spinal cord.2. Involves conscious inhibition of the bladder contractions and continuedcontraction of the external urethralsphincter.3. Occurs in conjunction with the involuntary detrusor reflex.4. Occurs even if the neural connection between the cerebral cortex and the sacralspinal cord is disrupted.Opposing the movement of fluid into the capsular space is the:1. Effective filtration pressure.2. Blood colloid osmotic pressure.3. Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure.4. Capsular hydrostatic pressure.Lecture 27 (April 1)List the body fluid compartments and their percentages.Intracellular fluid (67%)Extracellular fluid (33%)interstitial fluid (80%)plasma (20%)other fluidsA. The concentration of bicarbonate ions in the plasma is greater than its concentration ininterstitial fluid.B. The concentration of bicarbonate ions in the interstitial fluid is greater than itsconcentration in plasma.C. There is no virtually no difference in bicarbonate ion concentration between thesetwo compartments.A. Intracellular fluid has the greatest total water volume.B. Extracellular fluid has the greatest total water volume.C. There is no difference between the two fluid compartments in terms of total watervolume.The sensation of thirst results from:1. Decreased sodium ions in the extracellular fluid.2. Increased osmolarity of the extracellular fluid.3. Increased plasma volume.4. Stimulation of osmoreceptors in hypothalamic neurons.Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases:1. The reabsorption of sodium ions. 3. Aldosterone secretion.2. ADH secretion. 4. Urine volume.Aldosterone:1. Increases the rate of sodium reabsorption by the nephron.2. Promotes the loss of potassium ions into the urine.3. Promotes reabsorption of water due to increasing osmolarity of interstitial fluid.4. Helps increase blood pressure by helping increase blood volume.Lecture 28 (April 6)Use a flow diagram to describe how a bout of the flu, with excessive sweating, diarrhea, and vomiting, coupled with intake of plain water because you can’t keep anything else down, may result in death from two different mechanisms. excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea + intake of plain water(1) decreased interstitial sodium (1) decreased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure(1) fluid shift from interstitial space into intracellular space(1) decreased blood volume(1) overhydration of cells(1) decreased blood pressure (1) convulsions/coma (1) circulatory shockdeathWhen excess hydrogen ions are added to the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system:A. Alkalosis occurs.B.