BIO 241 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 13-17Lecture 13 (February 16)Why is it better to breathe in through the nose than mouth?Because the nose filters, warms, and moistens incoming air.Which is the site of external respiration?AlveoliWhat divides the upper and lower respiratory tract?The larynxWhich structure swirls air within the inner nose?Turbinate bones (nasal conchae)What do resonating chambers help with?Sound productionLecture 14 (February 18)List four structural changes that occur from primary bronchi to alveoli.Epithelium changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells to simplesquamous; cartilage rings become increasingly smaller cartilage plates until the cartilagedisappears; smooth muscle increases in relative abundance, and then disappears; and finallybranching increases.What forms the anterior wall of the larynx?thyroid cartilageThe factor responsible for holding the lungs to the inside of the thoracic wall is:the negative intrapleural pressureWhat produces surfactant and what does it do?Septal cells produce surfactant and it is responsible for increasing the compliance of the lungs by breaking the surface tension of water in alveolar fluid.Why is the alveolar-capillary membrane so important?Alveoli and capillaries share a basement membrane; therefore, gas exchange is easier since it only diffuses through one membrane. Lecture 15 (February 20)What does pressure have to do with respiration?Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonic pressure, and things always flow from high to low, so air flows in when this happens. Intrapulmonic pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure so air flows out of the lungs.Describe Boyle’s Law.If you decrease the volume of something, the pressure will increase. If you increase the volume,pressure will decrease. Pressure and volume are inversely related. Which two processes make expiration a passive process?Surface tension and elastic recoilWhich two factors are related to compliance?elasticity and surface tensionTV+IRV+ERV+RVTotal lung capacityTV+IRV+ERVVital lung capacityWhat do diffusion rates depend on?PO2 and PCO2 differences (Henry’s Law), total surface area (Fick’s Law), diffusion distance (Fick’sLaw), and breathing rate and depthHow is oxygen transported and at what percentage?As 98.5% oxyhemoglobinLecture 16 (February 23)Describe the Bohr effect.A decrease in the amount of oxygen associated with hemoglobin and other respiratory compounds in response to a lowered blood pH resulting from an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.What is the relationship between and H+ and pH?Increased H+ concentration decreases pHWhat are the central and peripheral inputs to the brainstem respiratory centers in the medulla?chemoreceptors, stretch receptors, and irritant receptorsLecture 17 (February 25)T/F The phrenic nerve contracts the diaphragm and the external intercostals.F, the intercostal nerves contract the external intercostals.What happens during hypoventilation?CO2 and H+ accumulates in the body and pH decreasesWhat does hyperventilation result in?increase in arterial oxygen and/or pH, and/or decrease in arterial carbon dioxideWhat does not happen in people with the condition anoxia?A return to homeostasis does not happen, resulting in a constant deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the
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