ANTH 021 1nd EditionQuiz # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 (January 13) Introduction to Anthropology and its Four FieldsDefine anthropology as a field of study. What does it tend to cover?Anthropology is the study of humanity including prehistoric origins and contemporary human diversity. It tends to cover a broader range of topics over a broader range of time. What are anthropology’s four fields?- Biological anthropology, or the study of humans as biological organisms including evolution and contemporary variation- Archaeology, or the study of past human cultures through their material remains- Linguistic anthropology, or the study of communication mainly (but not exclusively) among humans- Cultural anthropology, or the study of contemporary people and their cultures- Applied anthropology, or the use or application of anthropological information to help solve social problems, is a debated fifth fieldLecture 2 (January 15) Introduction to the History and Scope of Cultural AnthropologyWhat began cultural anthropology? What was the attitude toward European and American cultures compared to others?Cultural anthropology begun to take shape with Darwin’s principles of biological evolution. It focused mainly on the erroneous and often racist aspects of social Darwinism. European and American cultures were considered superior and more advanced. Who were cultural anthropology’s early theorists? What were their philosophies?- Bronislaw Malinowski developed the theory of functionalism, or the view that a culturefunctions similarly to a biological organism- Franz Boas introduced the idea of cultural relativism, or the view that each culture can only be understood in the context of that culture’s values and ideas and cannot be judged by the standards of another What are some other important cultural anthropology theories and theorists?- Claude Levi Strauss developed structuralism, or the idea that the best way to understand people is to collect their myths and stories and analyze their underlying meanings- Cultural materialism, largely influenced by the Marxist theory, studies culture through looking at the natural environment and how people make a living- Clifford Geertz developed interpretive anthropology, which studies culture through focusing on what people think about, their ideas, and the symbols and meanings that are important to them- Structurism is the idea that powerful structures such as economics, politics and media shape cultures- Agency is the power of individuals to create and change culture by acting against structure- Feminist anthropology, queer anthropology and antiracist anthropology are other key theoretical influencesWhat is culture? How is it different from microculture? What are the characteristics of culture?Culture is the learned and shared ways of behaving and thinking, while microculture is a distinctlearned and shared way of behaving and thinking found within a larger culture. Culture’s characteristics include eating, drinking, sleeping and elimination. What are the three theoretical debates regarding culture?- Biological determinism (we are who we are because of our biology) vs. Cultural Construction (we are who we are because of out culture)- Individual agency (freedom of choice) vs. Structurism (society controls choices)- Interpretive Anthropology vs. Cultural MaterialismLecture 3 (January 20) Researching CultureWhat are the three broad research methods in cultural anthropology?- 1870s – “Armchair” approach- Early 1900s – “Verandah” approach- Today – Participant observationWhat is the difference between early participant observation and research methods of cultural anthropology today in a global world?The goal of early fieldwork and participant observation was to record as much as possible of a people’s language, songs, rituals and social life because many cultures were disappearing. Most research was conducted in small, isolated cultures. In today’s global world, few if any isolatedcultures remain. Anthropologists now study large scale cultures, global and local connections, and cultural change. Multisited research is a modern innovation that involves fieldwork conducted on a topic in more than one location. How does an anthropologist choose a research topic?Anthropologists find gaps in literature, focus on current events or a commodity, restudy a previous project or rely on luck. How does an anthropologist prepare for the field?An anthropologist needs funding, a visa and permission to conduct research, specialized equipment, a medical kit and language training. An anthropologist also has to consider anthropological ethics and personal safety, select an appropriate field site, build rapport with subjects and gatekeepers, and possibly give gifts when appropriate. Lecture 4 (January 22) Researching Culture cont. What is culture shock?Culture shock includes feelings of loneliness, uneasiness, anxiety and reduced competence as a cultural actor, which can occur when a person shifts from one culture to another. What is the difference between etic and emic research?Etic research includes data collected according to the outside researchers’ questions and categories and is often deductive, or has the goal of being able to test a hypothesis. Emic research seeks to understand what insiders say and understand about their culture and their categories of thinking. Emic research is often inductive, or not hypothesis driven. What is ethnography?Ethnography is descriptive writing about a culture and is the main way cultural anthropologists present their findings. What are some urgent issues in cultural anthropology research?Cultural anthropology does not condone undercover research. Anthropologists also take physical and psychological risks in the field. Lecture 5 (January 27) Making a LivingWhat three things are economic systems made up of?- Livelihood- Consumption- ExchangeWhat three types of countries is the modern world economy stratified into?- Core countries- Periphery countries- Semiperiphery countriesWhat is a mode of livelihood?A mode of livelihood is the dominant way of making a living in a culture. A particular mode may be dominant but other modes may exist in a culture and often overlap or are mixed. What are the five modes of livelihood?- Foraging is using food available in nature through gathering, hunting and fishing. The division of labor is equitable and the balance between resources and lifestyle is