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UVM ANTH 021 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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ANTH 021 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7 - 12Lecture 7 (February 5) Consumption and ExchangeWhat is consumption and what are its two processes?Consumption is the dominant way of using up goods and services in a culture. Consumption canmean a person’s intake in terms of eating or other ways of using things up and a person’s outputin terms of spending or using resources to obtain those things. What are the two major modes of consumption and what are they based on?Minimalism and consumerism are the two major modes of consumption and they are based on the relationship between supply and demand. What are leveling mechanisms and how are they maintained?Leveling mechanisms are unwritten, culturally embedded rules that prevent an individual from becoming wealthier or more powerful than others in small-scale societies. They are maintained through social pressure and gossip. What are three important costs of consumerism?Environmental consequences, threats to cultural diversity and increasing the gap between the rich and the poor are costs of consumerism. What are consumption funds? List some examples. Consumption funds are categories within a person’s or household’s budget used to provide for needs and desires. With importance depending on cultural context and geographical location some examples are a basic needs fund, recurrent costs fund, entertainment fun, ceremonial fund and rent/tax fund. What is the entitlement theory?Amartya Sen defines entitlements as culturally outlined rights to provide for one’s life needs. Through entitlements, (owned land, money from job, inheritance) people provide for their consumption. What is the difference between direct and indirect entitlements?Direct entitlements are the most secure, like owning land that produces food that creates a profit and a means of living. Indirect entitlements are riskier, and require exchanging something in order to obtain needs like welfare checks. What is the significance of a food taboo?Food taboos are cultural rules about what foods should and should not be consumed. They bring out the differences between cultural materialists and symbolic anthropologists. What is exchange? What kinds of things can be exchanged?Exchange is a culture’s dominant way of transferring goods, services and other items between and among people and groups. Material goods, symbolic goods, labor, money and people can allbe exchanged. What are the two modes of exchange?Balanced exchange and unbalanced exchange, like gambling, theft and exploitation, are the two modes of exchange. What are the three types of balanced exchange?-Generalized reciprocity involves the least conscious sense of interest in material gain or of what might be received in return. It is the main form of exchange in foraging societies and among close kin and friends. A pure gift is an extreme form. -Expected reciprocity is the either simultaneous or mutually agreed upon exchange of typically equally valued goods or services between people of roughly equal social status. If a party fails to complete the exchange, the relationship will deteriorate. -Redistribution is when one person collects goods or money from many members of a group and provides social return at a later time. Redistribution involves some “centricity” and inequality is possible because what is returned is not always equal in a material sense. Lecture 8 (February 10) Exchange cont. and Reproduction and Human DevelopmentWhat is unbalanced exchange?Unbalanced exchange is the buying and selling of commodities under competitive conditions in which the forces of supple and demand determine the value and the seller seeks to make a profit.How does globalization affect consumption and exchange?Western style goods and foods have spread through media and trade and are being registered by local cultures. by local cultures. What are the modes of reproduction according to the modes of livelihood?- The foraging mode of reproduction has moderate death and birth rates and a moderate value of children. Fertility control is through indirect means, like suppressing ovulation, and direct means. - The agricultural mode of reproduction has high birth rates and declining death rates and a high value of children. This mode utilizes pronatalist techniques and has an increased reliance on birth control as well as an increased specialization for midwives and herbalists.- The industrial/informatics mode of reproduction has negative population growth with stratified reproduction, a mixed value of children and follows the demographic transition. Scientific knowledge and technology including direct methods of fertility control and highly developed professional specializations are important. How does culture shape sexual intercourse?Cultural guidelines, government policies and local and international organizations influence when to start having sex and how often, how many children to have and when to stop having sex and children. What are some local and global fertility considerations?Locally, considerations include economic factors, especially labor requirements, maintaining the tax base, military, ethnic and regional proportions, providing public services and dealing with population aging. Global considerations include religious teachings and international relations and foreign aid. What is personality?Personality is an individual’s patterned and characteristic way of behaving, thinking and feelings that is gained largely through enculturation and socialization Is adolescence culturally constructed?Adolescence is not a universal stage, and its length is related to gender roles and modes of production. Coming of age rituals often involve initiation ceremonies and body modification, including cutting and scarring. Explain the cultural relevance of genital cutting. In various cultural contexts there are various types and degrees of cutting. Cutting relates to a period of seclusion and training in adult roles and knowledge and to the cultural construction ofthe female identity, body and solidarity. Lecture 9 (February 12) Reproduction and Human Development cont.What did Melvin Konner say about sexual orientation?Konner states sexual orientation is determined by genetic and cultural factors, or that is is a combination of nature and nurture. What is gender pluralism?Gender pluralism refers to the existence within a culture of multiple categories of femininity, masculinity and androgyny that are tolerated and


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