ANTH 021 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Consumption and ExchangeA. ConsumptionB. ExchangeOutline of Current Lecture B. ExchangeII. Reproduction and Human DevelopmentA. Modes of ReproductionB. PersonalityCurrent Lecture B. Exchange6. Unbalanced Exchange- Market exchange is a prominent form- The buying and selling of commodities under competitive conditions in which the forces of supply and demand determine value and the seller seeks to make a profit- Range from informal (periodic market) to huge shopping centers (permanent market)7. Other Forms of Unbalanced Exchange- Gambling- Thef- Exploitation8. How Are Consumption and Exchange Changing?- Globalization has a lot to do with it!o Spread of Western style goods and foods through media and tradeo Being registered by local cultures (Ie. Revitalization of Potlatch in Pacific Northwest) and also anti-consumerist movements (Ie. By Nothing Day)II. Reproduction and Human DevelopmentA. Modes of Reproduction1. The Foraging Mode of Reproduction- Moderate death and birth rates- Moderate value of childrenThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Fertility control through indirect means (suppressing ovulation) and direct means2. Agricultural Mode of Reproduction - High birth rates, declining death rates- High value of children- Pronatalist techniques- Increased reliance on direct means of birth control- Increasing specialization: midwives, herbalists3. The Industrial/Informatics Mode of Reproduction- Negative population growth- Mixed value of children- Follows the demographic transition4. Additional Characteristics of Industrial/Informatics Reproduction- Stratified reproduction, both globally (between developing and developing countries) and within countries- Population aging- Importance of scientific knowledge and technology in managing reproductiono Direct methods of fertility control o Highly developed professional specializations5. Culture Shapes Sexual Intercourse- Cultural guidelines, government policies and local and international organizations influenceo When to start having sex and how ofeno How many children to haveo When to stop having sex and children6. Fertility Considerations- Considerations at the State Levelo Economic factors, especially labor requirementso Maintaining the tax base, military, ethnic and regional proportionso Providing public services o Dealing with population aging- Considerations at the Global Levelo Religious teachingso International relations and foreign aid7. Fertility Control and Management- Induced apportiono Indigenous practice that existed long before modern scienceo Widely used in China, Japano Conflict with some religious perspectives- “New Reproductive Technologies”o In vitro fertilization (IVF) to deal with rising rates of infertilityo Varying cultural reaction to IVF, sense of stigma among men in some cultures8. Infanticide- Direct and indirect killing of an offspringo Due to child deformity or sicknesso If child fails to meet parental expectationo PovertyB. Personality1. What is Personality?- An individual’s patterned and characteristic way of behaving, thinking and feeling- Gained largely through enculturation/socialization; variation in personality in different cultural contexts2. Gender Identity During Adolescence- Biological or culturally constructed?- Cultural evidenceo Adolescence not a universal stageo Length of adolescence related to gender roles and mode ofproduction- Coming of age ritualso Initiation ceremonieso Ofen involve body modification, including cutting and scarification3. Female Initiation Rites and Genital “Cutting”: A Complex Issue- Various types and degrees of cutting in various cultural contexts- Related to period of seclusion and training in adult roles and knowledge- Cultural construction of female identity, body and solidarity- Cultural relativismo Insider view vs. “Western”