ANTH 021 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture B. Doing Fieldwork in Cultural Anthropology (cont.)C. Urgent Issues in Cultural Anthropology ResearchOutline of Current Lecture I. Making a LivingA. How do cultural anthropologists study economic systems?B. What are the five modes of livelihood?Current Lecture I. Making a LivingA. How do cultural anthropologists study economic systems?1. What is an Economic System?- Livelihood (or production)o Providing for basic needs and other needs by procuring goods or making money- Consumption o Using up goods or money - Exchange o The transfer of goods or money between people or institutions- Economic anthropology takes a cross cultural approach, tries to understand economic systems in all of their diversity and denaturalize capitalism, while economics studies modern capitalismo Capitalism is a constructed system2. Globalization, Economic Systems and Culture - Capitalism is a free market- Western capitalism has marked effects on all other livelihood patterns it meets- Increasing focus in research into how global and local economic systems are linked - Model of the modern world economy as stratified intoo Core countrieso Periphery countriesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Semiperipherycountries- First, second and thirdworld model isbecoming obsolete- How do countriesbecome core countriesor periphery countries?o Core countrieswere almostalways colonizers (20% of the world’s population that controls 80% of the world’s economy)o Periphery countries tends to be the colonized- Wallerstein’s model is always in motionB. What are the five modes of livelihood? 1. What is a Mode of Livelihood?- Anthropologists organize ethnographic research into economic systems into categories, called modes- A mode of livelihood is the dominant way of making a living in a culture - A particular mode may be dominant but other modes may exist in a culture- Modes often overlap or are mixed2. Foraging- Based on using food available in nature o Gathering, fishing, huntingo The main economic strategy for most of human history- Maintains balance between resources and lifestyle- Division of labor is equitable- Today only 250,000 people support themselves using foraging primarily. Their cultural survival is at risk. - Two major typeso Temperate region foragingo Circumpolar region foraginga. Fishing based, sometimes whalingb. Highly susceptible to global warming3. Horticulture- Growing crops in gardens using hand tools- Variety of foods grown ie. Yams, bananas, manioc, etc. - Crop yields support denser populations than foraging and allow for permanent settlementso Increased attention on waste management- Emerged about 12,000 years ago, and is a lot more common than foraging- 5 Stages of Horticultureo Clearingo Plantingo Weedingo Harvestingo Fallowing4. Horticulture: Organization of Labor- A family forms the core work group- Children work more (and have more power) in horticultural groups than any other type of economyo Caring for siblingso Fetching fuelo Hauling water- Gender roles clearly defined and often linked to social statues5. Pastoralism (Herding)- Reliance on products of domesticated animal herds- Animals and their products provide over half of group’s dietso Trade with other groups for other food and goods- Requires movement of animals to fresh pastureland for sustainability- Level of wealth and political organization varies from group to group6. Pastoralism: Organization of Labor- Families are the basic unit of production- Little overlap between male and female tasks- Typical division of laboro Men do most of herding especially over long distanceso Women process the herd’s productso Children fit into the division7. Agriculture- Intensive strategy of productiono More labor, use of fertilizers, control of water supply, use of animals and machineso Involved indigenous knowledge, but this knowledge is being quickly lost and displaced- Permanent settlements- Higher population density- Family farming tends to be male dominant- Post WWII shift to Industrial agriculture8. Sustainability of Agriculture?- Not sustainable as typically practiced- Industrial agriculture relies heavily on capital inputs and nonrenewable resources like