Lecture 4Europe and OthersEurope was working with Byzantine in Constantinople and the Islamic World (Iberia, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy)What was the situation in Europe in the 1000 years before its expansion?Europe was internally diverseDisorganized and politically, economically, socially weakFlanked by other more powerful groupsObjectivesWhat historical forces produced Europe’s explosive expansion in the 15th and 16th century?Europe and other powers: 400 - 1400 ADForces of change in Europe after 1000 ADTriggers for European explorationHow Europeans interactions with others conditioned their interactions with New World PeopleWhat are some of the forces of change that are going on in Europe?Population growth, growth of cities, growth of middle and upper classLong term trendsShort term triggersByzantine empire fell to the Ottoman TurksExtents of the Roman EmpireInternally very diverseLots of cultures and languagesHeld together by political force and strong armyCharlamain--holy roman emperorRome had a major division between the western part and the eastern part of the Roman Empire that centered on the Bosporus between the Mediterranean and the Black SeaKnow where Constantinople/Istanbul is**Roman RuleA lot of roman ideas in EuropeRoman Roads in BritainRomans put an economic stamp that was based around villasAfter the Fall of RomeWith the collapse of the Roman Empire, created 3 principal groupsThe Byzantine Empire (Eastern Church)Maintained its powerAdopted Christianity as the state religionGreek orthodox church/Byzantine Church was part of the cultural glue that held together the Byzantine EmpireWhat was to become the Islamic World (Arabia, Near East, and North Africa)Political trading empireEmerged as many small centers of power that were eventually united by 700 ADEuropeans (Germanic Groups and others)Anyone else who was left over in EuropeOstragoths, ScandinaviansDiverse groupEurope is this fragmentary area of competing small statesSeptember 4, 476 ADEurope in 814 ADByzantine and Islamic Empires controlled most of the Mediterranean worldByzantine EmpireSimilar in political organization and religion to late Roman EmpireSame tax systemMore successful in holding off Germanic invadersControlled Mediterranean territory from southern Italy to the eastern Black sea until 1000 ADSuccessful in providing a buffer between the Islamic expansion that was proceedingConstantinople fell to Ottoman Turks in 1400 ADJustinian was called the last Roman empire and the first Byzantine EmpireHelped hold together the whole structure of the placeInvolved with diplomatic issues with external states and internal disputesConquered parts of northern Africa and northern MediterraneanSan Vitale, Ravenna548Left exactly as it was for the last 1500 yearsByzantine Style of empireByzantine SurvivalExcellent military architectsLayers of walls so if a conqueror got into a first wall they found themselves in a vulnerable place where they could be shot atArmored CalvaryCatiphrachDiplomatic acumenMasters at subsidizing one enemy to fight another enemyTo foster dissent within among statesPick the weaker and then support them monetarily so they could become stronger and fight the Byzantine enemiesByzantine InfluenceHelped form ideology of EuropePulled together Christianity, Greco-Roman, Judeo-Christian philosophyProvided an intellectual framework that was adopted in much of EuropePreserved classical textBasis for Eastern European and Russian ideology--Eastern Orthodox ChurchStrong artistic / stylistic continuity with later EuropeIdeas of architecture, literature, painting styles come across form the Byzantine worldServed as a buffer against the powerful Baghdad and eastern EuropeBuffered western Europe form the Islamic expansionByzantine traders supplied Europe with goods and generated demandSpices, silks, nicer class goodsCalled for the Crusades and thus pulled Western Europe into the battle and forced it to compete in the larger world systemThey were getting more sophisticated in terms of the way the world works by taking on Byzantine ideasCrusadesEmperor of Byzantines is losing ground to the Islamic forcesPilgrims from Europe were coming and making their way through the Byzantine and Islamic worlds and going to Jerusalem but as things got more and more tense the Byzantine emperor claimed that they had cut off the pilgrimage routes, which alarmed a lot of people and the churchByzantine Emperor sends letter to the pope asking for military helpSeveral crusades occurredPope called for the crusadePope said that if anyone should be killed in the crusade then you will immediately go to heavenChanging to modern thought from medievalConstantinople and Byzantine EmpireFinally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453Changing the political and economic geography of Europe and AsiaConstantine the 11th was the last emperor who was killed by the Ottoman TurksOnce Constantinople fell, it cut off one of the main trade routes between Europe and the far east (silk road)Disrupted the increasing flow of luxury goodsDemand was so great for silks and spices and they understood geography well enough to sail directly to far east if we go westBacked Columbus’ desire to sailIslamic WordLecture 4Europe and OthersEurope was working with Byzantine in Constantinople and the Islamic World (Iberia, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy)What was the situation in Europe in the 1000 years before its expansion?Europe was internally diverseDisorganized and politically, economically, socially weakFlanked by other more powerful groupsObjectives-What historical forces produced Europe’s explosive expansion in the 15th and 16th century?-Europe and other powers: 400 - 1400 AD-Forces of change in Europe after 1000 AD-Triggers for European exploration-How Europeans interactions with others conditioned their interactions with New World People-What are some of the forces of change that are going on in Europe?-Population growth, growth of cities, growth of middle and upper class-Long term trends-Short term triggers-Byzantine empire fell to the Ottoman TurksExtents of the Roman Empire-Internally very diverse-Lots of cultures and languages-Held together by political force and strong army-Charlamain--holy roman emperor-Rome had a major division between the western part and the eastern part of the Roman Empire that centered on the Bosporus between the Mediterranean and the Black SeaANL 326L 1st Edition-Know where Constantinople/Istanbul is**Roman