ANT 326L 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuideGreek/Byzn 1150-1200 / Berlinghiero, Italian, ca. 1230, MMA [2/3/2015]Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire-Finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, changing the political and economic geography of Europe and Asia. The Islamic World-Europe’s ‘significant other’ since the 7th century A.D. The Islamic World-Expansion centered on a regional trading center-Eventually very diverse-Practices that promoted expansion-Honored scholarship and became one of the most intellectually sophisticated societies (math, sciences, medicine, arts). The Prophet Mohammed (c. 570-632)-From a merchant family Tenets of Islam-Monotheism-Gradual revelation by prophets (Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Mohammed]-Importance of adherence to code of laws concerning diet, marriage, reproduction, praying, giving to the poor-Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca-Promoting spread of Islam Extent of Islamic Expansion-Islam eventually expanded further, into the Balkans and Indonesia. Broad scope of things: from Persia to the Peninsula of Spain. 800-1258 AD – Golden Age of Islamic Arts and Sciences-Situated to integrate the knowledge of Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, etc.-House of Wisdom Persian and Arab Astronomers-Improved version of Greek instruments in 9th century-Version brought to Europe by Pope Sylvester II (r. 999-1003) What Factors made Islamic expansion possible?-Common language Classical Arabic-Ideological importance of gaining converts-Relative tolerance of other cultures and religions-Ability to be viewed as liberators rather than conquerors-Powerful infrastructure based on control of trade routes in Europe, Africa, and Asia Reconquista re-conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Spain had a centuries-long tradition of battling non-Christians, institutions dealing with cultural difference-Six centuries of Islamic control had profound impacts on Iberian society-Iberian people share part of the long tradition of the Moors-The “Reconquest” – with centuries of warfare – strongly influenced Spanish culture The situation in Europe, 500-1000 A.D.-Compared to Byzantium and the Islamic world, Europe was the least powerful and integrated-Simple agricultural economy-Land was the primary means of production-The “Villa System”, from the Roman model, was still the primary way of organizing land, people, and production. [2/5/2015]Lots of recap of information above“This is how I think of Europe in 900 AD” –Proceeds to play the countryside scene from Monty Python and The Holy Grail Four important institutions providing for political cooperation and intellectual continuity for1000 years-“Villa” system-Roman Catholic Church-The papacy-The Monastic Orders Catholic Church-Pope Urban II used his (and the church’s) power to gather powerful leaders and basically set the Crusades in order (preaching at Clermont)-Pope Greg essentially formed the Church as it’s known today. Est. the Vatican and such. Created the papacy-Monastic Orders Trends in Europe-Developments after 1000 A.D. created an increasingly outward-focused world view-Increasing population-Growing political integration-Growth of the “elite” –ecclesiastical, military, political-Expansion beyond the fringes of Europe-Growing sphere of trade European Urbanism-By 1300 A.D., cities had replaced manorial estates as a dominant feature of the landscape-Milan – 200,000 people-Venice, Genoa, Florence over 100k-Paris over 80,000-London over 50,000 Growth of Trade-Increasing ranks of the nobility (church, military, and state), and a growing wealth helped generate a demand for luxury goods-Exotic goods from the Far East (silk, spices, teas) Hints of the Wider World-The Crusades, and political events in the Near East made it possible for merchants to go to the east directly Marco Polo-Known for his accounts of his travels, recorded while in prison in Genoa General Causes of expansionImmediate causes of expansion-Fall of Constantinople-Captured by Ottoman Turks in 1453, effectively ending Italian merchant’s special trading relationship to the east-Closing of Eastern trade routes -Europe had growing demands for goods for centuries European Merchant’s response-Diversify-Families tried other avenues for trade-North Atlantic began to get used (yay colonialism/native trading)[2/10/2015]Prehistory of the AmericasWhat was going on in the New World before European contact?-The conquest of the Americas wasn’t necessarily just a military rolling over of the natives The American Situation-Long Term Trends -Adaptation -Sedentism -Food Production-Complex Societies-Medium Term developments-Immediate circumstances Clovis People (9500-9000 B.C.)-Mobile hunter-gatherers-Specialized economy-Pleistocene Extinctions? Damn ancient humans, killing off all the cool bits of nature. Archaic Period -8000 to 1000 B.C.-Adaptations to specific environments – Desert, woodlands, tropicsSeveral centers of domestication-Corn, beans, squash-Manioc, Yams-Amaranth, Chenopodium, squash, arrow root-Potatoes and beans The Emergence of food production in the New World-Began in the later archaic in several areas Domesticated Animals-Camelids (llamas, alpacas, etc.)-Guinea Pigs-Turkeys-Dogs-Agoutis, etc. Guinea Pig “Cooie” cooking story! The moral is: if you can’t stand the heat, don’t cook in the kitchen, ya dig? Emergence of Complex Societies-Occurred in the same regions that food production developed Complex Societies in the Americas-Mesoamerica-South America-North America Empires rise and fall Cycles of complexity in the Americas-Long-term patterns similar to the Old World – rise, fall, rebirth What brings on the “collapse” of civilizations?-Elite overexploitation-Environmental overshoot-Drought-Conquest-“Radical simplification” (the idea that things just fell apart) Mesoamerica-Olmec -Established some of the dominant themes in Mesoamerican civilizations -Mounds, ceremonial centers -Elite with religious legitimacy -Lowlands iconography of power – Jaguars -Religious motifs – transformation, possession -Maya -Codex’s and mathematicians. -Teotihuacan -By 500 A.D. it was a city of 120,000 people -A multi-ethnic center -A market center for satellite producing villages