HIST 2020 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Reconstruction of the Union After Civil WarA. Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867)B. Southern DefianceC. Congressional Reconstruction (1867-1877)D. Redemption by Southern White DemocratsE. Reconstruction Over by 1877II. Freedmen in the “New” SouthA. New FreedomB. EducationC. ChurchesD. SharecroppingOutline of Current Lecture I. BackgroundII. Native Americans of the Great PlainsA. CultureIII. White Intrusion and its ImpactA. Increased White MigrationB. Buffalo HuntersC. The Reservation Solution (1860s-1880s)Current LectureI. Background: Westward movement of Americans is a constant that occurs in the 1800's. As Americans moved westward, they encountered Native Americans. In 1881, an Indian humanitarian (Helen Hunt Jackson) argued in a book the 19th century treatment of Native Americans was very abusive.II. Native Americans of the Great Plains: The Great Plains in the beginning- not much rainfall and not much fertile soil. It was thought that no American would want to reside there, so it was considered Indian Territory. In 1850, Americans are moving here in search of gold. Although the soil is not good, theThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.white Americans saw "amazing things" when they came to California. This lured others Westward. When they came, they encountered thousands of Native Americans (which they saw as obstacles). Whites had NO respect for the Native Americans.A. Culture was changed drastically for the Native Americans because of the whites who saw them as obstacles. 1. Early contact with whites: Horse back was a way of transportation; they had rifles (meaning they had some previous contacts with Europeans).2. Customs-Nomadic: followed the buffalo-Kinship: Their form of kinship was clans (families)-No private property ownership: They did not want to be OVER nature, instead they are a part of it.-Bravery and courage: accomplishments in fighting and hunting, that is how you gain prestige (not about how much money or size of your house)-Women: Men did certain things and women did certain things. Men did hunting and fighting; women would prepare the meal, skin the animal, and raise the children. Whites referred to natives as barbarian for this because they thought men had all the fun hunting and women had to do the work.What the whites did not see is, natives did not hunt for sport. They did it because it was essential to live. The natives had a high respect for women and they had a higher status than other societies had for women.3. Importance of buffalo: natives relied very heavily on buffalo for many things; natives were nomadic. Because the soil was so poor, they followed the buffalo. They used every part of the buffalo they hunted. They consumed the meat, used the hides for clothes and teepees, bones were tools and toys, huffs became glue, fat became grease, tendons became string and twine, dried buffalo dung for fires, and etc.4. Reverence for Nature: Natives thought of themselves as a part of nature; they were not above it. Natives only used what they needed. -Animism- Indians practiced this by only killing animals if they absolutely needed it, and they would make a use for everything out of the animal they killed.III. White Intrusion and its Impact: Whites believe that farming is the advanced way of life and try to teach natives, but natives are offended that whites plow the ground. They believed plowing the ground was equal to hurting a human.A. Increased white migration: The gold rush took place in 1849, even though many of those whites did not strike rich, they are there now. All of the sudden many whites were in the west where natives thought they were safe.1. Homestead Act (1862): This is free land for whites to come out west. Who wouldn't want that?2. Transcontinental Railroad (1869): Railroad attracts whites to come as well.3. Exodusters: For $5 blacks can move westward to Kansas. Many took up this offer and did so.B. Buffalo Hunters: When whites began to move into the Great Plains, they see all the buffalo and decideit would be fun to hunt them for sport and use hides for industries back East. Buffalo is decreasing which impacts NativeAmericans drastically.C. The Reservation Solution (1860s-1880s): It was thought the best way to deal with these obstacles (Indians) was to put them on reservations. This is very hard on the natives who are used to being nomadic. If Indians broke the agreement, whites would put them on smaller and smaller reservations. Some nativeAmericans fought back by resistance.1. First Sioux Wars (1865-1868): Sioux were very proud, aggressive Indians. Sometimes they would win. They fought bravely. Whites saw these fighters as maniacs and attempted to kill all buffalo in order to get rid of all Indians.-Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868): The US government and Sioux agreed on land for the Sioux to keep. It was a decently large piece of land.2. Chief Joseph & the Nez Perce (1873-1877): They decided they had had enough and wanted to leave the US and go to Canada. They almost got there, but on the way they had to fight whites the wholeway and they only had a few 100 left so they