HIST 2020 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Current Lecture I. Reconstruction of the Union After Civil War A. Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867)B. Southern DefianceC. Congressional Reconstruction (1867-1877)D. Redemption by Southern White DemocratsE. Reconstruction Over by 1877 II. Freedmen in the “New” SouthA. New FreedomB. EducationC. ChurchesD. SharecroppingE. AgencyCurrent LectureI. Reconstruction of the Union after civil warHenry Grady news editor for Atlanta said "The old south is dead, and in its place is a new south. A south that embraces industry. It is very different from the old south. The old south values are dead."A. Presidential reconstruction last about two years (1865-1867)1. The Civil war ended in 1865; the south lost. Lincoln is dead. New president is Andrew Johnson(was Lincoln's vice president) from TN. Johnson's plan after the war was considered lenient. Southerners had to put a hand on the bible and pledge loyalty to the US. This excuses them from what happened in the civil war and makes them good standing citizens allowed to run for office and etc.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. Southern defiance began1. The southerners held elections. The state of Georgia elected a confederate leader, which was not supposed to happen. 2. State constitutional conventions were held to "abolish slavery" but many southern states had difficulty to ratify the 13th amendment because they did not want to let go of slavery.3. Black codes: Southerners still needed workers on their plantations, so they would "hire" the slaves instead of calling them slaves.4. Riots: Violence and riots were going on in the south because of blacks who tried to embrace their freedom. If a slave tried to vote, etc, the whites would result in violence.C. Congressional Reconstruction(1867-1877): congress comes in and says forget presidential reconstruction, we need to take things into our hands.1. Congress was run by radical republicans (old republicans were like democrats today). They want to treat the south as a defeated country.3. Congress does not care about how the southerners plead oath on a bible. They must now take an iron Clad Oath, meaning they can only take oath if they were not a part of the civil war. Very few southerners could take this oath, so only the free people can vote now. Whites are not happy in the south.4. 13the amendment- abolished slavery5. 14th amendment- Granted anyone born in the US citizenship and also said American citizens are granted equal protection under the law meaning you can not treat people differently6. 15th amendment- You cannot deny someone the right to vote based upon race, color, or previous condition of servitude (old slaves)D. Redemption by Southern White Democrats (the conservatives)1. White resistance (KKK): They are trying their hardest to keep blacks from running for office, voting, etc. by violence. They have guns waiting for blacks or free whites at the polls. This was done regularly.2. Whites reestablish control of state government. Congress eventually forgives whites that tookpart in the civil war and let them be on good standing. The conservative democratic whites still used violence to keep blacks away from polls and slowly began to take over the government again.3. Disputed presidential election of 1876: Rutherford B. Hayes (R) vs. Samuel Tilden (D). There were 3 states, Louisiana, California, and Florida, which were not in the hands of democraticwhites (conservatives). Because there was so much violence going on to urge voters to vote for the Democratic Party, these three states withheld their votes. They felt that the votes were not fair since there was violence at the polls for republicans (liberals). Reconstruction ENDED.4. Compromise of 1877:-All of the votes for those three states would be for Hayes, so Hayes becomes president-Republicans agree not to look into the violence at the polls-The north agrees to withdraw troops from those three states, which means conservatives are going to take over those states. E. Reconstruction is OVER 1877II. Freedman in the "New South" Old slaves (Freedman) were trying to think what is the best way we can get away not truly being a slave anymore?A. New Freedom1. Movement: The ex slaves would go away and try to findloved ones they had lost.2. Freedman now exercised marriage by LAW. After the war is over, the married couples could now make their marriage legal. 3. Now the fathers get to decide whom THEY want to go to work in the fields. They say no my wife will not work in the fields nor my children, I will go work.B. Education: Freedman recognize how important education is, because it means empowerment. They valued it because they were never allowed education before and they are flocking to schools.C. Churches: Freedman now attend churches of their choice, build churches, etc that send messages other than slavery. They had to go to church with their masters that mostly spoke about obeying their master. They now have black ministers and hear a different message; it is one of empowerment. During this time, some of the leaders in the black community were the ministers. D. Sharecropping emerges. White plantation owners need labor, and blacks need work. That is how sharecropping emerges.Sharecropping: a plantation owner who used to have slaves would divide up his land and blackswould work on it, and when it came time for harvest, blacks would get to keep a portion of theirland.1. Origins were a way to get things in2. Freedmen have advantages of keeping a part of land and owning a small farm on it. While whites are not punishing the blacks, since it isn't slavery and it gives blacks incentive.3. Disadvantages: It was common for the sharecropping family to make the blacks purchase the tools needed for the job and clothes for family on white family's credit. The whites would lie about how much the blacks owed them, and the blacks would end up making nothing or be in debt. Some owners would keep all of the harvested crops even if it was on the "slave's land." Before the civil war, there was a huge demand for southern cotton. During the civil war, the cotton supply dried up. After the war, the world has already found other sources. There is a glutton of cotton now, which drives the price way down.E. Agency means freedman took advantage of every bit of freedom they had by exercising