KIN 4310 1nd Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture Outline of Current Lecture I Section 1 II Section 1 Topics III The Scientific Method IV Scientific Knowledge V Examples of Hypothesis VI Examples of Hypothesis 2 VII Examples of Hypothesis 3 VIII Examples of Hypothesis 4 IX Definitions X Types of Data XI Definitions XII Definitions XIII Definition XIV Types of Statistics XV Chapter 2 XVI Definition XVII Mean Arithmetic Mean XVIII Notation XIX Notation XX Definitions XXI Finding the Median XXII Definitions XXIII Which Measure of Central Tendency to Use XXIV When to Use Mode XXV When to Use Median XXVI When to Use Mean Current Lecture I Section 1 a Introduction to statistical reasoning and the scientific method These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II Section 1 Topics Ch 1 5 exam 1 material a Laws Theories Hypotheses b What is statistics c Descriptive statistics d Measures of central tendency e Variability f Frequency distributions g Statistical graphics h Levels of measurement i Correlation j Reliability III The Scientific Method a Measurement i The act of measuring or the process of being measured ii The act of collection of information upon which a decision is based iii Assigning symbols iv A collection of information on different ideas v Ex VO2 Max HR b Evaluation i To examine and judge carefully appraisal of these measurements ii The use of measurement in making decisions iii Ex see if a diet pill really works c Prediction i The act of predicting by reasoning about the future d The Scientific Method is an imperfect approach but it applies to everything IV Scientific Knowledge has 3 levels a A Law is a concise statement of fact that has been proven time and time again and is generally accepted as true and universal like Newton s Law of Gravity i The highest level ii Has a huge body of evidence iii Often an equation iv Ex Boyle s Law Maxwell s Laws b A Theory is an explanation of a set of related observations that is based upon solid proof that has been verified many times by independent groups like Einstein s Theory of Special Relativity i Maybe a little doubt ii Well established iii The Theory of Relativity is now turning into law iv Ex Theory of Evolution Big Bang Theory v Too elaborate to be expressed as an equation c A Hypothesis is an attempt to explain some basic observations before precise data has been rigorously collected and analyzed i An educated guess ii Putting forward a proposal to see if its true iii The lowest level V Examples of hypotheses a Students learn more in online classes than traditional classes i Has to be testable key thing b Driving while intoxicated increases one s chances of causing a fatal car crash i Still a hypothesis because its not ethically testable but still testable VI Examples of hypotheses 2 a Men are taller than women i Can do an observational study b Regular exercise lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease c It is more likely to rain when I forget my umbrella in my car d All of these are general hypotheses e All are context specific and apply only to special populations f Ex b might not apply for the elderly VII Examples of hypotheses 3 a Dogs are bigger than cats i Which kind of dogs All canines or domestic ii Have to be specific iii There is a lot of variability iv Have to known which population is one talking about VIII Examples of hypotheses 4 a The Texans are more likely to win when they re on the road b Gas prices are affected by the phase of the moon IX Definitions a Data i Observations measurements of characteristics behaviors knowledge attitudes survey responses ii Can be represented by numbers words or symbols iii The basis of statistical analyses iv Singular of data is datum v Any attempt to measure results is data vi Statistically want numbers but it doesn t have to be numbers to be data X Types of Data a Quantitative i Deals with numbers ii Can be measured iii E g length speed energy number of etc iv 0 36 m 55 mph 750 calories 155 students v Some measurement can be counting or proportions b Qualitative i Deals with descriptions ii Can be observed iii E g colors textures taste smell etc iv yellow soft sour robust aroma XI Definitions a Statistics i A collection of methods for planning experiments obtaining data and then organizing summarizing presenting analyzing interpreting and drawing conclusions based on the data ii Usually refers to data represented by numbers or symbols iii Statistics is not plural but then is plural at the same time iv It is an area within mathematics v It is a mathematical discipline vi It is not just number crunching vii It involves philosophy too XII Definitions a Population i The complete collection of all elements scores people measurements and so on to be studied The collection is complete in the sense that it includes all subjects to be studied ii Population is key iii Everything to which your population applies b Census i The collection of data from every member of the population ii An attempt to collect the collection of data from every member of the population iii A true census is impossible in many cases but sometimes done iv Can rarely do c Sample i A collection of elements drawn from a sub population ii Big is better than small iii 100 vs 10 but 10 is also good too iv if don t have the resources to do a census v the polls are never based on a census they randomly call people so this is why polls usually are wrong XIII Definition a Statistic singular i A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample ii a number that represents a characteristic of a sample 1 an ex of a characteristic is the mean standard deviation etc b Parameter i A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population ii Refers to a population iii Number describes characteristic of a population c 1 3 of the US is obese i 1 3 is a statistic ii didn t do a census did a sample XIV Types of Statistics a Descriptive Statistics first 6 weeks i Summarize or describe characteristics of a known set of data ii Ex a diet study measuring weight loss iii What is average amount lost iv S d b Inferential Statistics i Use sample data to make inferences or conclusions and predictions about a sample ii Correlational or experimental designs iii When you take complicated statistics and try to prove disprove a hypothesis iv In an experiment you are using this v Ex to prove if a drug works