KIN 4310 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (January 22)The Scientific Method is an imperfect approach that applies to everything. There are three components: Measurement, Evaluation, and Prediction. - Measuremento This is the act of collecting information and assigning symbols on different ideas upon which a decision is basedo Ex. VO2 Max, HR, etc.- Evaluationo This is when you examine and judge the measurements carefullyo Ex. Seeing if a diet pill really works- Predictiono The act of predicting by reasoning about the futureScientific Knowledge and the three different levels:- Law – the highest level; a concise statement of fact that has a huge body of evidence andis generally accepted as true and universalo Ex. Boyle’s Lawo Often an equation- Theory – the middle level; well established explanation of a set of related observations that is based upon solid proof that has been verified many times with just a tad bit of doubto Ex. Big Bang Theoryo Can be turned into a law (Theory of Relativity is turning into a law)- Hypothesis – the lowest level; an educated guess to attempt to explain some basic observations and see if it is trueo Hypotheses have to be testable and ethically testable – key thingo Hypotheses have to be context specific and declare what population is being talked aboutAny attempt to measure results is data. Data are observations (measurements of characteristics,behaviors, knowledge, attitudes, survey responses) that can be represented by numbers, words,or symbols. Datum is the basis of statistical analyses. There are two types:- Quantitative Datao Deals with numberso Can be measured- Qualitative Datao Deals with descriptionso Can be observedStatistics is an area within mathematics. It is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data.Population is key! It is the complete collection of all the elements to be studied.A Census is the collection of data from every member of the population. This is very difficult to do and is rarely done.A Sample is a collection of elements drawn form a subpopulation. A bigger sample is better thana small one but a small one will suffice most times. A Statistic is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample. A number that represents a characteristic of a sample like the mean, standard deviation, etc. (TQ)A Parameter is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population. (TQ)Types of Statistics:- Descriptive Statisticso When you summarize or describe characteristics of a known set of datao Ex. When you find the average amount of weight loss in a diet study- Inferential Statisticso When you use sample data to make inferences or conclusions or predictions about a sampleo Correlational to experimental drugso Ex. When you try to prove/disprove a hypothesiso Ex. experimentsThe Center is a representative or average value that indicates where the middle of the data set is located like the mean, median, and mode.Measure of Central Tendency is a value at the center or middle of a data set. - Mean (arithmetic mean)o The measure of center obtained by adding the values and dividing the total by the number of valueso x bar is the mean of a sampleo mu is the mean of a population- Mediano The middle value when the original data values are arranged in order of increasing or decreasing magnitudeo An advantage of median is that it is not affected by an extreme value- Modeo The value that occurs most frequentlyo A data set may be bimodal, multimodal, or have no mode at all- Which measure of central tendency to use?o Use mode when data is categorical (qualitative)o Use median when data contains extreme values that would distort an averageo Use mean otherwise- Excel Functions o Mean =average(selectiono Median =median(selection)o Mode =mode(selection)Lecture 2 (January 27)Variability is a measure of the amount that the values vary among themselves. How different scores are from the mean. How spread out is the data? Are they all close together or all spread out? There are three measures of variability: range, standard deviation, and variance. Typically, the mean and the variability are reported together to describe a distribution.- Rangeo The range of a set of data is the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value- Standard Devianceoo The standard deviation is a measure of variation of all values from the meano It is the average distance from the meano The larger the standard deviation, the greater the variabilityo Outliers have a huge effect on standard deviationo The units of standard deviation are the same as the units of the original data valueso Why n-1? Subtracting 1 from n artificially inflates the SD, which makes it larger and harder to prove something This means that we want to be more conservative in our estimate of the population- Varianceoo The variance is the standard deviation squared- How does Standard Deviation and Variance differ?o Standard deviation is stated in its original units This means its easier to interpreto Variance is stated in units that are squared- Excel Functionso Range =max(selection)-min(selection)o Standard Deviation =stdev(Selection)o Variance =var(selection)The Distribution is the nature or shape of the distribution of data like bell-shaped, uniform, or skewed.Outliers are sample values that lie very far away from the vast majority of other sample values. They can sometimes be an error but it will have a profound effect on the statistic.There are different types of Methodological Studies that can be discussed:- Descriptive Studyo How things areo Observes and measures specific characteristics without attempting to modify the subjects that are being studiedo Ex. One third of the population is obeseo These are observational- Correlational Study o How things are in relation to other thingso Ex. Most people who are obese also have comorbid health compromising conditionso These are observationalo The observations are not manipulated, merely related to each other- Experimental Studyo How things are and how they got that wayo Ex. People with an energy imbalance will gain weight and may become overweight or obeseo This is hard to do wello This applies some treatment and then observes its effect on the subjectso These are not observationalLecture 3 (January 29)Sample Selection