KIN 4310 1nd Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Terms: True ScoreII. Terms: Observed ScoreIII. Terms: ErrorIV. Levels of MeasurementV. Nominal ScalesVI. Ordinal ScalesVII. Interval ScalesVIII. Ratio ScalesIX. Levels of MeasurementX. Objectives: ReliabilityXI. ReliabilityXII. ReliabilityXIII. ReliabilityXIV. ReliabilityXV. Test-Retest ReliabilityXVI. Interrater ReliabilityXVII. Internal Consistency ReliabilityXVIII. Parallel Forms ConsistencyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XIX. What is Reliable?XX. Reliability ExampleXXI. Reliability Example cont.XXII. Improving ReliabilityOutline of Current Lecture I. Review QuestionsCurrent LectureI. Review Questionsa. Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?i. Diastolic blood pressure in mmHgb. What is a hypothesis?i. An educated guess based on an observation; it is the lowest level of scientific knowledge.c. What is statistics?i. A mathematical discipline for gathering/illustrating/making scientific conclusions from datad. What is a population? A census? A sample?i. A population is a collection of all things to which the hypothesis refers toii. A census is an attempt to measure everyone in the populationiii. A sample is an attempt to measure a subset of a populatione. Describe 3 different types of sampling.i. Randomii. Clusteriii. Convenienceiv. Stratifiedv. Systematic f. A graduate student randomly selects 48 middle schools and interviews all of the math teachers at each school to gather data on new curriculum. What type of sampling is being used for this study?i. Cluster g. Why is random sampling good?i. It eliminates bias but it is hard to implement.h. What are descriptive statistics?i. A set of tools used to describe characteristics of samplesii. Everything we have discussed so fari. What is a correlational study?i. Observational; study looks for relationships of two variablesii. Going to measure subject two times and will have paired dataj. What is an experimental study?i. Manipulative; one variable is controlled by experimenter & it can show causationk. A study found a positive correlation between number of cell phone subscriptions and brain tumors in nineteen US states (r=0.950)i. This study was observationall. Name 3 measures of central tendency.i. Mean, median, and modem. Name 3 measures of variability.i. Range, s.d., variancen. What is a frequency distribution? How is it most often illustrated?i. It is a summary of data representing frequencies of data in each class.ii. Most often illustrated using a histogram.o. Median is the most appropriate measure of central tendency when the data is:i. Positively or negatively skewed.ii. (For categorical, use mode; for symmetrically distributed, use mean; for nominal, use mean)p. Consider the frequency table on the right (on blackboard). What is the shape of this distribution?i. Negatively skewedii. (look at the direction of the tail)q. What is the most appropriate measure of tendency for the data in this stem-and-leaf plot?i. Medianii. (because it contains extreme values)r. What is an independent variable? A dependent variable?i. An independent variable is the variable in an experiment controlled by experimenterii. A dependent variable is the variable in an experiment that is respondings. What is correlation?t. What is represented by the linear correlation coefficient, r?i. Direction and strengthu. True or False? The linear correlation coefficient, r, is a statistic.i. True, because a statistic is a numerical measurement that represents a characteristic of a sample.ii. (there will not be any true or false questions on the test)v. A stock analyst compares the relationship between stock prices and earnings per share to help select a stock for investment. What type of study is this?i. Observationalw. What is meant by the equation: O = T + E?i. O is the observed score; T is the true score; E is errorx. What are the four scales of measurement?i. Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratioy. What is reliability?i. Describes if something is free of errorz. Name 4 types of reliability.i. Test-retestii. Interrateriii. Internal consistencyiv. Parallel formsaa. Each question on the student evaluations at UH consist of a 5-point scale, in which 1 means “Strongly disagree” and 5 means “Strongly agree.” What level of measurement is this?i. Ordinal bb. Which of the following statements is true of data with an ordinal level of measurement?i. You can calculate a mediancc. A judge is concerned about the reliability of the field sobriety test used by Houston police. She orders two officers to independently apply the test to a group of drivers suspected of intoxication. What is she trying to establish?i. Interrater reliabilitydd. An attorney is concerned that the three components of the field sobriety test do not assess the same thing. What is he calling into question?i. Internal consistency reliabilityee. In 2002, a group of college students complained that the version of the GRE test that they wrote was more difficult than the previous three versions of the test. What are they calling into question?i. Parallel forms