KIN 4310 1st Edition Lecture 24Outline of Last Lecture I. Review QuestionsOutline of Current Lecture I. Review QuestionsCurrent LectureI. Review Questionsa. In a left-tailed test, the test statistic must be greater than the critical value in order to reject the null hypothesis.i. True ii. Falseb. If the p-value is greater than the level of significance, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.i. Trueii. Falsec. What is a Type I Error?i. A false positive. When you reject the null that is actually true. This happens 5% of the time.d. What is a Type II Error?i. A false negative. When you fail to reject the null when you should have. This is beta.e. What is a p-value?i. The probability of getting your test statistic or one more extreme than it ifthe null hypothesis is true.f. The probability of making a Type II error when the null hypothesis is true is: i. The test statisticii. The p-valueiii. Level of significance, alphaiv. Betav. Zerog. What is a one sample z-test?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. A hypothesis test that compares a group or a sample to a population. It tests whether or not this sample is somehow different from the populationh. What information do you need about the population before you can perform a one sample z-test?i. Sample size (n), population mean (mu), and standard deviation (sigma)i. How do you determine critical values of z?i. Table B1j. What is a t-test?i. A t-test is a general test to determine if there is a significant difference between two groups.k. Describe the t-distribution.i. It is symmetrical about zero, goes from negative infinity to positive infinity, changes shape according to degrees of freedom and as df increases, it will look more normal.l. What is the difference between a t-test for independent samples and a t-test for dependent samples?i. Dependent samples use paired data.m. What are degrees of freedom?i. A general mathematical term that represents the size of your data.n. What is ANOVA?i. Stands for analysis of variance. It is a hypothesis test that determines if differences exist between two or more groups using the test statistic, F.o. Describe the F-distribution.i. It is asymmetrical, positively skewed, has a long right tail and changes with degrees of freedom. F can never be negative.p. How do we find critical values for F?i. Table B3q. What is variance between samples? Variance within samples?i. Variance between samples concerns how much the group means vary with respect to one another. Variance within samples concerns the individual sample number and how much each sample varies with its owngroup mean.r. How do we test hypotheses concerning the linear correlation coefficient?i. If you are given paired data, you will make a scatter plot, calculate r, then look up the critical value using Table B4. If the null is true, r is symmetricaland it goes from -1 to +1.s. What is aerobic fitness?i. Aerobic fitness is the ability of the body to take in O2 from the lungs, transfer it to the circulatory system and use it in the muscles to produce mechanical energy.t. How do we measure aerobic fitness?i. VO2max is the most accurate way. There is also the 1.5 mile test and the 12 minute run and the shuttle test, and even questionnaires.u. What are the pros and cons of the different methods?i. The biggest pro of the VO2max test is that it is the most reliable but it is expensive and it is also risky. Pros of the 1.5 mile run is that it is a lot cheaper and it can test multiple people at the same time.v. What are the two types of body fat we discussed?i. Essential and storage. Essential is what you need to function normally andstorage is everything else.w. How do we measure body composition?i. Direct Techniques1. DXA, MRI, CT. The great thing about DXA is that it is low radiation, faster and less expensive. CTs are a lot more expensive and come with a lot more radiation.ii. Indirect Techniques1. Skin calipers, Hydrostatic weighing, bod pods, bioelectrical impedance, air displacement. Advantages of using air displacement is that it takes less time and it is more accurate because it doesn’t need to account for residual lung volume. Advantage of skin calipers is that they are low cost and pretty accurate.x. _______ is a variable that is cheap and easy to measure directly, and it can be used to estimate disease risk in adultsi. % body fatii. VO2maxiii. Resting heart rateiv. Waist-to-hip ratioy. Name four methods to assess dieti. Food diary, food frequency questionnaire, duplicate food collection, and detailed diet historyz. Which methods are prospective?i. Food diary, duplicate food collection.aa. Which method is the cheapest to administer?i. Questionnairebb. Which method is the most reliable?i. Duplicate food collectioncc. What is physical activity?i. Any movement that burns energy dd. What is exercise?i. A sub-set of physical activity that is planned, purposeful, and repetitive.ee. How can we measure PA objectively?i. By a heart rate monitor, accelerometer, pedometer, which all take human interpretation out of it.ff. What tools can be used for self-reported PA?i. A bunch like the survey we did in class, the SRPAQgg. What is prevalence? Incidence?i. These terms refer to morbidity. Prevalence is the overall amount of people who have the disease at one point in time and incidence deals with the new cases.hh. What variables are used to represent the health status of a group/nation?i. Morbidity, mortality, life expectancy at birth, disease rates, obesity.ii. What are Disease Adjusted Life-Years (DALY)?i. The number of years that you would prematurely die + years spent in a diseased state. Used in cost benefit