BIOL 420 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Current Lecture I. Plant SystematicsII. Linnaean SystemIII. Five Kingdoms of LifeCurrent LectureI. Plant Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity- Systematics: scientific analysis of diverse in logical groups. Given the tools of the time - Taxonomy: science of classification that you come up with – how you name and group things- Phylogeny: evolutionary history of living things – once you group it, it should reflect the biologicalAristotle – 380 BC – father of history- First classification system (taxonomy) - First to discover nature- Scalanaturae (Scale of Nature – continuum)Humans at the top of the scale - He developed the system of living things and classified how animals are different than plants. Plants – trees, shrubs, herbsAnimals – air-dwelling (can fly – ex. bird), water-dwelling (live in the ocean – ex. fish), land-dwelling (ex. Human)Carl Linnaeus – 1753 - Species PlantarumThe “kinds of plants”These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Described each species in Latin using 12 words - The modern system of taxonomy. He inherited and organized and even put it together. He wanted to classify everything on earth – plant, animal, mineral, etc. - Later developed binomial nomenclatureExample: Quercus(genus)alba (species) white oak – all oaks are classified in the Quercus genus- Used morphology – deals with the basic structure and external structures (ex. Wings – so general). - Genus can be written alone and has meaning, species does not tell anything about the phylogeny of the organism, capitalize the genus, lowercase speciesExample: Lactucabiennis – wild lettuceOenotherabiennis – evening primrose- Genus may be abbreviatedExample: O. biennis- Type SpecimenII. Linnaean System – All taxonomic categoriesKingdomPhylumClassOrder FamilyGenusSpecies(binomial nomenclature)These are categories, taxa would be representative members of a categoryExample – Quercus alba (white oak) would be a taxon within the genus QuercusBinomial nomenclature uses the Genus and species epithet- SubspeciesExample: Viola tricolor var tricolorViola tricolor varhortensisDefinition of species – similar enough to interbreed and produce fertile offspringLinnaeus used morphology and some anatomy in classifying, still considered “artificial” because system does not reflect evolutionary relationships; his main goal was organization and identification of living thingsCharles Darwin – 1859, On the Origin of Species(Natural Selection)His main goal was to classify everything on earth. Lineus system was more quickly adopted.Theory of natural selection- Dramatically changed the thinking of life on earth, landmark idea in the biological sciences and influenced everything including business, social, etc. - The goal of classification was to reflect the evolutionary relationship between organismsGoal of taxonomy became the reflection of phylogeny, evolutionary relationships- Natural classification – phylogenetic trees- Monophyletic groups (clades) – an ancestor and all known descendantsExample – a Genus should include all known species, a family should include all known GeneraWhat characteristics are important in classifying organisms?- Homologous organs or structures – are structures that have a evolutionary relationship. Have the same kind of evolutionary or genetic history. Can have different functions (wingvs hand – have the same bones – homologous)- Analogous organs or structures – very different in structure but same function.Convergent evolution – two species that evolved in similar environments can result into similar structures/functionsExamples: spiny EuphorbiaCactusSpiny, fleshy milkweedMonophyletic(shared from 1 single ancestor), paraphyletic (where its shared with more than 1 offspring but from the one common ancestor, could leave a group out (artificial)) and polyphyletic groups (two completely different ancestors, can have more than what is needed) – show where the evolutionary traits were shared or evolved from the same common ancestor.- Cladistics - Cladogram: have to try to determine which characteristics are most common, which traits do they all share? That would be at the bottom of the cladogram. Then you decide progressively the next traits that they share or don’t share. Example: classification of hornwort, fern, pine, and oakRelevant characteristics – presence of embryo, vascular tissue, wood, seeds, flowersCladograms just imply common ancestry- Modern systematics and taxonomy – substantiating relationships by molecular techniques (comparing DNA, proteins)This has confirmed many suspected relationships but also has yielded surprisesRafflesiarelationship to Poinsettia (Euphorbia)10 families of angiosperms that have symbiotic relationships with N2 fixing bacteriaWater lotus Nelumborelationship to water lilies – actually related to Proteacea- Modern taxonomy uses phylogeny, fossil record, morphology and anatomy, as well as molecular biology- Chloroplast has been source of DNA for plant DNA for taxonomic and phylogenetic considerationsrbcl gene – found on all photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms and cyanobacteria- Domains – three modern domainsArchea – they are so different that they had to become a new categoryEubacteria – true bacteriaEukaryota- Prokaryotic DomainsBacteriaArchaea- Eukaryotic Domain – KingdomsKingdom Protista (known to be artificial)ProtozoaAlgaeSeaweedsSlime moldsKingdom FungiYeastsMushroomsKingdom PlantaeBryophytesFernsGymnospermsAngiospermsKingdom AnimaliaIII. Five Kingdoms of Life (KEY)1. Cell type: A. Prokaryotic (P) primitive, lack membrane-bound internal organellesB. Eukaryotic (E) - true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles2. # Cells: Unicellular (U), Colonial (C), Multicellular (M)3. Nutrition: A. Autotrophic (A) - Source of carbon is simple, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) B. Heterotrophic (H) - Source of carbon is complex, such ascarbohydrates, proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids KINGDOM MAJOR EXAMPLES CELL TYPE # CELLS NUTRITION(1) Monera Bacteria P U HBlue-green bacteria P U,C A(2) Protista Protozoa E U HAlgae E U,C ASeaweeds E M A(3) Fungi Mushrooms E M HYeasts E U H(4) Plantae Mosses, Liverworts, Ferns, Gymnosperms, AngiospermsE M A(5) Animalia Sponges, Cnidaria, Worms, E M HKINGDOM MAJOR