BIOL 420 1st Edition Lecture 15Evolution of FruitsText Reference: Chapter 20, pages 492-496- Angiosperm Reproduction – two major challengeso Fertilization Flowers co-envolved with insects Fruit is a matured ovary (accessory tissue)o Dispersal of the seedPollination and fertilizationFruit and seed dispersal- Fruit – mature, ripened ovary and often accessory structureso All matured ripened ovarieso The way they disperse seeds are different in function (eaten, wind borne, etc) – shows the flexibility o Endocarp: innero Mesocarp: middleo Exocarp: outsideo Can see the seeds. - Sometimes accessory structures dominateo Have taken other parts and made it in the final product (petals, modified stamens, etc).o Apple: technically the ovary would be the core, what you’re eating is the modifiedpetals that are edible. Unique to the rose family, pome familyExample – strawberry, most tissue is the receptacleThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Most of the flesh of the strawberry is the base of the flower (receptacle – ovary sits on topof it) expanded: each seed is an akene (tiny sunflower flower). Because a lot of the tissue is receptacle, flower that could have had dozens of carpals that are fused together- Parthenocarpic fruits – develop without fertilization and seed development, off-springs that are not sexually producs. Examples – banana, citrus, pumpkin, fig, pineapple- Fruits – 3 categories1. Simple fruits – develop from a single carpel or several fused carpals. 90% of flowering plants. Flower that would have a single pistal, and the fruit would bloom from a single ovary. Examples - bean, cherry, tomato, watermelon, squash2. Aggregate fruits – develop from a single flower with many carpals that do not fuse, carpals retain their identity in the mature fruit, fruitlets – individual carpals. Each little circle would see the single carpal or whatever that didn’t fuse. Examples – magnolia, raspberry, strawberry, blackberry. Matured carpels or ovaries = fruitlets3. Multiple fruit – form from the fusion of many flowers (single flower). Derived from an inflorescence that combined gynoecia of many flowersExamples – fig (don’t even have to be fertilize, flowers are in the inside, completely asexual), mulberry, pineapple- Accessory fruit – any fruit that contains accessory tissue whether simple, aggregate, or multipleExamples Apple, pear – simple accessory fruit (floral tube) Strawberry – aggregate accessory fruit (receptacle)Pineapple – multiple accessory fruit (combined carpals)- Simple fruits – most numerous and diverse. o Fleshy fruits Berries: all of the carpal wall are fleshy, can have numerous to one seed, tobe eaten, are dispersed by animals digesting. Has to be a simple fruit, aggregate fruits Drupes: “stone fruits” because they have a hard pit – peach. Most animals are going to go off somewhere with the fruit. One seeded, usually thin and skin life exocarp. (peaches, cherries, olives, plums, coconuts) Pomes: group within the rome families, the petals make up the flesh part of the tissue. The bulk of the flesh is derived from noncarpellary tissue andthe endo carp enclosing the seed is cartilaginous (apples, pears, etc)o Dry fruits (no fleshy covering) Dehiscent: split open at the maturity and commonly contain severel seeds.Breaks open and the seeds are released- Follicle: milkweed, pod as well, splits on one side- Legume: they’ve been bread to not be so dehiscent, mature and dry up to release the seeds. Splits open on both sides- Silique: developmental different, the mustard family, 3 parts, breaking from the bottom up. Two havles split away from a persistent central partition to which the seeds are attached- Capsule (most common): can release their seeds in a amount of time, can spread the amount of seeds through out the time. Derivedfrom a compound ovary. Poppy - Opium: the seeds would dry out, and when the wind blows the seed would disperse Indehiscent: the fruit doesn’t break open at maturity and usually originatefrom an ovary in which one seed develops through more than one ovule - Achene: not attached to the outer covering, sunflower seeds – cracking the ovary. Not fused, covering is sealed as well. Wind achene – dandelion. A small one-seeded fruit with the seed attached to the pericarp at one point only.- Cypselas (modified achene)- Samara (Asteracae): winged achene to facilitated with the wind, doesn’t open- Grains (caryopsis) (Poaceae) – grasses – relatively hard carpal covering. The seed coat is fused to the pericarp over its entire surface- Nut: acorns and hazelnuts, the pericarp is hard or stony through out- Schizocarp (Apiaceae): splits at maturity into two or more one seeded portions- Wind-borne fruit and seedso Can use animal, can use windExamples:Orchids: very tiny, can have more than a million seeds in a pod, dispersed by wind, epiphytes, living in the top of the forest. Samaras (Asteraceae (asters)): having that wing can help with transferring; dandelions and butter-and-eggs have winged seeds.Maples – schizocarpFireweed – Chaemerion adapts quickly after fires, the fuzz happens to capture the seedsMilkweed – Asclepias Willows and poplars: near the water, in water, float pretty well. The cottonlike outer helps with staying in the water. Tumbleweeds – Salsola: the entire plant dries up and breaks away from the roots and tumbles across the arid environment by wind, scattering seeds as it movesTouch-me-nots – Impatiens: popular garden variety, ready to disperse theyare adapted to fling the seed away from the flower. The valves of the capsules separate suddenly, throwing seeds in the distance. Witch hazel – Hamamelis: already about to disperse. The fruit dries up and pops openDwarf mistletoe: has a way to propel the seed as well, can happen through water.- Fruits and seeds dispersed by waterCoconut: can take 2-3 years to germinate in the water.Mangrove: its fruit start to germinate when its still in the tree and then fall off thetree. Can germinate in the mud, can float for months and month before they washoff on a beach.Water lily- Fruits and seeds dispersed by animalso Most colorful plants are dispersed by animals and also fleshy fruits  majority = bananas, cherries, raspberries, dogwoods, grapesExamplesIngested - Fleshy fruits, brightly colored –