DOC PREVIEW
SC BIOL 420 - Exam 2 Study Guide

This preview shows page 1-2-3-27-28-29 out of 29 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 29 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 29 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 29 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 29 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 29 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 29 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 29 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

Biol 420 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 – 13Lecture 8Plant KingdomBryophytesPlant Kingdom – Overview- Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic organisms.- Approximately 265,000 different types of plants exist today.- Plants began the transition to land about 425 million years ago. Plants play a critical role asproducers in the world's food webs; using photosynthesis to produce organic biomass andreleasing oxygen as an end-product.- Plants are thought to have evolved from ancestors of the modern green algae.- Plant chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and a variety of yellow and orangecarotenoids. Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose. Plants store carbohydrate as starch.- Nearly all plants reproduce sexually, though many also are capable of asexual modes ofreproduction.- Alternation of generation occurs in the life cycle of plants, with a haploid, gamete-producinggametophyte stage alternating with a diploid, spore-producing sporophyte stage.- Bryophytes (true mosses) have a large, obvious gametophyte stage, but in other plants thesporophyte stage is larger and the gametophyte stage has been reduced. Non-vascular, manyonly grow only in the water because they need that to reproduce.The evolution of plants is marked by four major adaptations:(1) The evolution of vascular tissue – if you have xylem (brings water) and phloem (brings food); the treerings = to old xylem(2) The diversification of vascular plants about 400 million years ago with spore (replaced seeds)production as a means of reproduction(3) The origin of seed producing plants about 360 million years ago and(4) The evolution of flowering plants about 130 million years ago. Basic Vocabulary- Vascular tissue - plant tissues that consist of cells that transport water and nutrients throughoutthe plant body. The two major types are xylem and phloem.- Xylem - vascular tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.- Phloem - vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic nutrients (sap) throughout the plant.- Gametangium - the gametophyte stage of mosses consisting of a male antheridium and afemale archegonium. Some are both sexes in one (monoscious)- Gametophyte - multicellular, haploid stage of the life cycle that produces haploid gametes thatfuse to form the diploid sporophyte- Sporophyte - multicellular, diploid stage of the life cycle that through meiosis produces haploidgametes that become the gametophyteThe Classification of Plants (Four major groups exist):Plant KingdomBryophytes and RelativesPteridophyta (Ferns) and RelativesGymnosperms and RelativesAngiosperms and RelativesExamples Mosses, liverworts, hornwortsFerns, Psilotum (whisk fern), Lycopodium, Equisetum (horsetails)Conifers, Gingko, cycadsFlowering plants, grasses, hardwoodsVascular tissue (xylem and phloem)Nonvascular Vascular Vascular VascularSporophyte/ GametophyteGametophyte (N)dominantSporophyte dominant, small separate GametophyteSporophyte dominantSporophyte dominantReproduction(spores or seeds)Spores Spores Seeds SeedsReproduction (Fertilization)Water Water Wind(Pollination)Wind/ animals (Flowers)Reproduction (Seed/spore dispersal)Water/ WindSporesWater/ WindSporesWindSeedsWind/animals(Fruits)SeedsBryophytesLecture 8Text Reference Chapter 16Bryophytes – mosses, liverworts, hornworts (wort – German word for plant)- Not radically different from the previous plants, haven’t really changed a lot - Small leafy plants- Nonvascular- Often moist environments, but widely distributed - Mosses sometimes dominate the terrain, and on plants on rocky slopes.- Some are remarkably sensitive to air pollution, important as models of the earliest land plants.- Sensitive to air pollution- Also found in wide range of habitats- Reproduce with spores – can be air-born, by water, by insects. Seeds: are cheap, light, prepackaged diploid that contains food – starch that can feed the embryo in the seed. There is a seed coat that protects it, dispersal that can go by the wind.Examples:- Tortula: found in central Mexico, found in deserts. - Campylopus: found in many places, but they found it growing in Antarctica. Found niches of volcano Bryophytes are transitional between green algae and vascular plants- Some green algae and plants are “paraphyletic” – they are part of groups that do not contain alldescendants of a common ancestor – reason in using informal nameso Informal names are useful for discussing organism having similar habitats or adaptationsBryophytes and plants share a number of differences compared to algae:1. Male and female gametangiaa. Antheridia - maleb. Archegonia - female2. Retention of both zygotes and embryo within archegonium3. Presence of multicellular, diploid sporophyte4. Multicellular sporangium5. Spores that resist decay and drying6. Tissues produced from apical meristemsExample- Life cycle of a moss- Gametophyte stage- Sporophyte stage- Antheridia - Archegonia- Sporangium- Apical meristemsMoss –anatomy- Rhizoido Multi-cellularo Serve only to anchor the plants- Leaflike body- Seta - stalk- Capsule – another word for sporangium Phylogeny of mosses, liverworts and hornworts- Liverworts – 450 mya- Mosses- Hornworts1. Phylum Marchantiophyta – liverworts- 5200 species- Liverwort name – doctrine of signatures- Can lie in water, soil, rocks, tree trunks, etc- Many develop directly from spores- Produce abundant mucilage (aids in water retention)- Examples o Marchantia: thalloid liverwort (internal tissue differentiation) that are said to bedifferentiated into ‘leaves’ and ‘stems’ and do not contain xylem and phloem. - Life cycle- Antheridia – disk headed gametophores- Archegonia - umbrella-headed gametophores- Gemmae cups: multicellular bodies that give ride to new gametophytes (asexual reproduction)2. Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta- The word “moss”- Examples of organisms that are not “true” mosseso Reindeer moss: ranges from tropical ages, more of a lichen than a moss; ‘lichens’ o Club moss: you would find this in the forest, vascular plant, closer related to ferno Spanish moss: a flowering plant, not a parasite, but photosynthetic o Irish moss: red algae Examples of mosses- Consists of 5 (but 3 are displayed): Sphagnidae (peat mosses), Andreaeidae (granite mosses),and Bryidae (‘true


View Full Document
Download Exam 2 Study Guide
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Exam 2 Study Guide and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Exam 2 Study Guide 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?