BIOL 420 1st Edition Lecture 6Current LectureFungi – general characteristicsOriginally classed as plants by LinnaeusInclude mushrooms, toadstools, mildews, yeasts, rusts, smutsMuch more closely relate to animals, although many important relationships with plants100,000 known species, 1200 discovered each year, estimates that there may be 1 million or more species of fungi Mostly terrestrial, but 500 known marine forms Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular and unicellularMay be world’s largest and perhaps oldest single organisms- Importance of FungiDecomposersPlant and animal diseasesBaking and brewing, fermentationFoodMedical, antibiotics and drugs, researchSymbiotic relationshipsArmilliaria: world’s largest organism. Most of the mass of the plant is underground. - Fungi as Decomposers of nutrients. Heterotrophs - Not selective. Wide array of enzymesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Some produce toxins such as aflatoxin- Fungi and diseasesAnimal diseases include athlete’s foot, ringworm, and jock itchPneumocystis carinii- Baking and brewing – yeasts (Saccharomyces)- Causes pneumocystis pneumonia – very rare – we carry in the respiratory tract – it can cause a huge affection Ring Worm (tinea)- ?Wheat Rust- Interesting life cycle- Invades from the soil up; Yeasts (Saccharomyces) and Fermentation- Single celledFungi as food- Cheese, mushrooms, etc- Morels: - Truffles: most expensive, parasite of the different trees such as oaks, grows underground, usuallyhave to get pigs or dogs to smell them out - Soy Sauce- Penicillium: Fleming discovered this mold and what it could do, very common, the blue-green mold from fruits and etc. also discovered lysosimesClub Fungi: mushrooms, toad pools. Birds NestFermentation, production of ethanol and carbon dioxide- Fungi as foodPenicillium and others flavor cheeses such as blue cheese, Roquefort, and gorgonzolaMany mushrooms, morels, truffles are edibleSoy paste (miso) and soy sauce produced by the fermentation of soy beans by Aspergillis- Fungi and medicinePenicillium – antibioticsTolypocladium– source of cyclosporine. Shuts down one part of the immune systemSaccharomyces cerevisiae– 1st eukaryote to have entire genome sequencedNeurospora – (red bread mold) Beadle and Tatum research, suggested “one gene-one enzyme” hypothesis. Found mutant forms that weren’t producing enzymes or proteins.- Symbiotic relationshipsMycorrhizal fungi – myco-fungus – root fungus. Parasitic, stealing sugar and other nutrients from the plants. Start acting like accessory roots. Once infected, it becomes much easier to grab water and nutrients. Root systems that work on their own does not work very wellLichens – two organisms in one. Association between a fungus and either a cyanobacteria (carries photosynthesis) or an algaeTermitomyces – used by African ants for foodFungal Structure and CharacteristicsEukaryotic, multicellular or unicellularHyphaeMycelium: below ground Septate hyphae – walls between cellsCenocyte – where the septate hyphae walls degrade and divide. Aseptate hyphae Chitin cell walls: made of titan, light weight, is a good building materiaHeterotrophsSaprotrophsGlycogen primary storage productRhizoidsHaustoria:Reproduction – sexual and asexual forms presentSpores – a lot of bacteria will form in spores - Reproductive- can be haploid/diploid- can be sexual/asexual- Spores inside the sporangia are sexually form- Conidiophores – asexual form- Have the advantage over lighted up, air born (air dispersed)Reproductive CyclePlasmogamy – hyphae form together, the cells or hyphae have fusedKaryogamy- dikaryon – where the nucleus would fused into a single cell - diploidMeiosis – would reduce you back to haploid sporesGametangiumSporangiumConidiogenous cells – conidiaYeasts – budding: genetically identical to the bigger circle, very affective once added in the environment. Fungal SurveyPhylum ZygomycotaPhylum GlomeromycotaPhylum AscomycotaPhylum DeuteromycotaPhylum BasidionmycotaPhylum Zygomycota – Bread mold and related speciesPolyphyletic group1,000 species“Black Bread Mold”- Rhizopusstolonifera– bread moldLife Cycle(+ and –) mating types (N)StolonRhizoidSporangiophoreSporangiumZygosporesPlant diseases – only two speciesRhizopus – soft rotChoanophora – soft rotPhylum Glomeromycota – mycorrhizal fungi- sac fungiMycorrhizal fungiPhylum Ascomycota – Sac Fungi- 32,000 species- the imperfect fungi- Life Cycle – AscomyceteSporangium – ascusAscus and ascosporesConidiophores and conidiaAntheridiaArchegonia- Plant Pathogens that belong to Phylum Ascomycota (Sac fungi) Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria) – from Japan, affects them but does not kill them. 1940 – a billion of chestnut have been killedDutch elm disease (Ophiostoma) – another disease that affects the American elm. Did a great number in Europe. American can be compromised, and have more resisitance than the trees in Europe.Panama disease (bananas) (Fusarium) – affected bananas, 1900 – it wiped out the entire bananacrop in central America - Edible members of Phylum AscomycotaMorels and trufflesPhylum Deuteromycota – The “Imperfect Fungi”- Most now classed as Phylum Ascomycota - Aspergillis and Penicillium- Atlete’s foot and ringwormPhylum Basidiomycota – The “Club Fungi”- Club fungi- Mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi- Life Cycle – BasidiomycotaDikaryotic myceliumBasidium (where the club comes from and the tip of the club is where the spores form) and basidiosporesPrimary mycelium (10)Secondary mycelium (20)Tertiary mycelium (30)- Survey of BasidiomycotaPolyspore mushroomsShelf fungiAgaricusPsilocybeshallucinations properties, one bite may kill animalPuffballs: puff out their sporesVeiled stinkhorns: stinks, carries spores on topBird’s nest fungiEarthstars: growing in forests where there are leaves and pineneddles. - Plant Pathogens that belong to Phylum Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)Puccinia – wheat rust (affects wheat. Secondary host – barberry)Barberry – secondary hosts To complete its life cycle, you need the wheat rust and the barberry. It can function without barberry, the wheat rust would pass it down to another wheat plant. Ustilago – corn smuts. If you cut into it, it looks black. Not harmful, can be eaten. Affects corn, it eats