Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8-12Key Terms:New Urbanism- the design approach to make suburbs urban neighborhoods with high density, mixed use and more landscapingExcluded Communities--built environment- walls/gates are visible barriers with social/ psy-chological effects-practical- restrict access to streets for transportation, public space only for “members”Communities of Exclusion- secluded privatopia or gated area that escapes from urban problemsPrivatopia- gated community that has everything they need within their small area SOA 240 1st Edi-tionSmart Growth- policy approach to curb sprawl: building better, new commu-nities, fixing up/filling in the old ones, getting people out of their cars, pre-serving large tracts of open space before developers can pave them Sprawl- widely depressed population, separation of homes/shops/workplaces,lack of well defined, thriving activity centersGentrification- process by which original residents are priced out of their neighborhoods as younger, upwardly mobile professionals start to move inRevitalization- investments in new facilities in an effort to promote economic growthSocial Inclusion- provision of certain rights to all individuals and groups in so-ciety such as employment/adequate housing/health care/education/training/etc.Key Concepts:1. How are sprawl neighborhoods different from traditional neighbor-hoods?-traditional: fundamental form of settlement through WWII, mixed use/pedestrian friendly/sustainable-sprawl: now standard pattern of growth, idealized artificial system, destructive of land/social systems/urban centers2. What are the four dimensions of a sprawl landscape? -widely dispersed population in a low density development-rigid separation of homes, shops, and workplaces-network of roads marked by huge blocks, poor access-lack of well defined thriving activity centers3. What are the dominant characteristics of those four components?-separate, dissociated, segregated from one another, each area serves one type of activity, isolated from social interaction, more time in car =more traffic/pollution/social isolation4. What are the common elements to any definition of sprawl?-unlimited outward expansion, low density, leapfrog development, use of virgin landscapes (often agricultural)5. How does sprawl impact quality of life in communities?-higher rates of driving and vehicles ownership, increased levels of ozone pollution, greater risks of fatal crashes, decreased rate of walkingand alternative transportation use, no significant difference in congestion delays-sprawl doesn’t save time6. What are the arguments against sprawl that were discussed in class?-not just a place where people live but rather a process that is out of control, unstoppable spread of segregated development that leads to: worse congestion, escalating tax rates, disinvestment in older com-munities, devouring of open space7. WHY do communities sprawl?-affluence, government subsidies, white flights, population growth, technological change, government shortsidedness8. What are the benefits of smart growth?-creation of diverse housing options, protection of farm/forest land, diverse transportation options/less dependence on automobiles, greater social interaction with neighbors, lower cost for public services resulting in reduced taxes, higher quality of life9. What are the five elements of New Urbanism as outlined by Talen?-architecture and site design-density and scale-streets-public spaces-mixed land use10. What are the five myths and new truths to the suburbs?-11. What are the three dimensions to sustainability?-economics, environment, equity12. What is a “fortress mentality”-transformation of american dream, from suburban home, close knit comment close to nature, to one with gates/walls/guards, suppresses or masks anxieties, conflicting social values of modern suburban life13. How do gated communities maintain class status?-building wall around values: vigilance on crime, showing of wealth by pricey objects (cars/houses/etc)14. What is meant by the term “moral minimalism”, as discussed by Bruhnin relation to the suburbs? -indifference of the wrongdoing of others, dominates the suburbs, culture of weak fluid social ties-undermines social control, promotesmoral minimalism, decreases connections and social contacts, weak-ens bonds of mutual responsibility15. What are the three types of gated communities identified by Bruhn andhow are they categorized?-1. lifestyle (ex: retirement communities)-2. elite (ex: most expensive gated communities, all about status)-3. security zone (security vans, cameras all across the community, own private security force)-each categorized by income level, amenities, aesthetic control, loca-tion in region-reflect differences in social values and motivations16. What is the major characteristic of a gated community and the primaryjustification for living in one, according to Bruhn?-introverted (withdrawn), sense of security17. What are the common characteristics of all gated communities, accord-ing to Bruhn?-abandoning the traditional public sphere, privatize community space, privatize civic responsibilites18. What are the differences between ‘communities of exclusion’ and ‘ex-cluded communities’?-COE: the ones doing the exclusion, low interpersonal trust, loose socialnetworks, privatopia-EC: the ones being excluded, tight social networks, informal social control and have equality in societyBe able to identify types of excluded communities as identified by Bruhn. 19. According to Bruhn, what is the key to creating social inclusion?-cohesiveness/value diversity, different how people are treated20. What is meant by the terms “privatoipia” and “fortified enclaves” and what is the major characteristic they all share in common?-fortified enclaves: are privatized/enclosed/monitored spaces for resi-dence/consumption/leisure/work, the fear of violence is one of their main justifications, privatopia: the concept of the garden city coupled with ameri-cans concern with privatism21. What is gentrification?-see above22. What are the changes that characterize gentrification?-demographics: all about high class, forget lower, real estate market: rebuild and higher rates, land use: tearing down public housing, culturevs character: lower prices = people that can afford it with low income23. Based on class discussion, what are the positive and negative effects of gentrification?-positive: reduced crime,