Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Key Concepts:Gemeinschaft & Gesellschaft- two typologies of communitygemeinschaft- “natural will,” strong identification with community, emotionalism/traditionalismgesellschaft- “rational will,” individulism, competition, little to no iden-tification with communitySolidaritymechanical- societies based on things in commonorganic- societies based on differencesNetworks/patternsvertical- ties that are in hierarchal relationship to one another, often ties to networks that are EXTERNAL to the communitySOA 240: Study Guide 1horizontal- ties that are at same or similar level of authority; often ties to networks that are INTERNAL to the communityNew Urbanism- urban design movement that promotes communityCommunitarian Movement- emerged to address decline in civilityCentripetal forces- seem to induce members to act on behalf of communityCentrifugal forces- seem to induce members to act on behalf of their self in-terestWeak ties- social relationships characteristics... absence of emotional close-nessTrustthick- deep foundation of trust, personal relationships, strong, frequentthin- not very close, background of shared social networks, less fre-quent, shared reciprocityTertiary associationsSocial Capital- social networks have value: influence productivity of individu-als/groupspositive- individuals bound by norms of reciprocity and mutual interest may help broader society, networks benefit both individuals and broader societynegative- individuals bound by norms of reciprocity and mutual interestmay harm broader society, networks may be isolated, ethnocentric (put your culture above everyone else), parochial (relating to a church parish, small minded)bridging (inclusive)- connections with diverse people/different beliefs, building networks with people who have a diverse skill setbonding (exclusive)- focusing on bonds within your own group, strengthening those connections internallyHuman Capital- individual attribute, refers to skills and abilities of people, leadership, knowledge, and ability to access resources, contributes to ability to earn a living, strengthens community, family, and self-improvementPolitical Capital- consists of organizations, connections, voice, and power, fo-cus on who “runs things” and who is excluded, how are resources allocatedNatural Capital- refers to natural resources (land, water, air, minerals, trees/plants), often viewed as something to be used to produce financial or built capitalFinancial Capital- resources translated into monetary instruments that can beconverted into other assetsBuilt Capital- physical infrastructure of a place as it contributes to communitydevelopment (bike lanes, community centers, etc)Cultural Capital- non-financial social assets that promote social mobility be-yond economic means“Rancorous” conflict- associated with political instability and lower degrees of acquaintanceship/ lack of community integrationKey Questions: 1. What is the significance of Emile Durkheim and his conclusions about so-cial interactions? -developed a theory of community based on two contrasting types: mechanical and organic solidarity. He believed that Urbanism was a positive force as it encouraged people to have greater freedom and choice. He saw that urban life would provide for greater individual development.2. What were the key differences that Simmel identified between small towns/rural and the metropolis? -3. What was Simmel’s primary argument in reference to the metropolis? What were the greatest problems of modern life? -he was concerned about the effects of urbanism on human values4. According to Bruhn, what is the significance of attachment to the de-velopment of community? -5. What are Warren’s four characteristics of community? -sense of membership, being a part of a team-influence, person has some degree of power and can make a differ-ence-integration and fulfillment of needs, person can “sound out” the team through their individual abilities-shared emotional connection, person feels good about participating in group effort6. According to Bruhn, what are the civic virtues of social capital? What is the key element to the debate about the state of our country’s connected-ness? (Fig. 1.1 and pg. 21)-integrity, fairness, honesty, professionalism, civility, loyalty, trust is key..7. What are the four aspects of sense of community discussed by Bruhn? (pg. 13) -degree of neighboring, willingness to help each other8. What is the strongest predictor of sense of community? (Pg. 13) -degree of neighboring: how emotionally connected you are to your neighbors9. What does Bruhn mean by the concept “the new urban sociology”? -shifts to global perspectives on capitalism and metropolis. Inclusion of social class, exploitation, racism, gender. Integration of economic, political, and cultural factors multi centered regional .. to cities/suburbs10. What were the five different urban lifestyle groups identified by Her-bert Gans (in Bruhn reading)? -the cosmopolities: professionals and white collar workers, valued elites culture-the unmarried, and the married and childless: sought companionship outside of the neighborhood-the ethnic villagers: immigrants to the US. They followed a way of life much like they knew previously-the deprived: handicapped by poverty, emotional and problems-the trapped: enveloped by the slum and were forced to leave11. What is meant by the concept “community liberated”? -communal networks increasingly characterized by sparsely knit inter-connected networks of primary ties dispersed across geographic space, community liberated because close geographic proximity12. What are the seven approaches to studying communities discussed in class? (be able to briefly describe them)-typological approach: begins with ideals of tonnies, gemeinschaft and gesellschaft, most fundamental and important, first to follow historical trends in script-networks as communities: vertical/horizontal networks, social systemsand networks of interception, interaction both .. and primary social systems-ecological approach/human ecology: focus on spacial patterns of ur-ban environment and how they influence social interaction-structural functionalism: defined community as “structure of rela-tionships through which localized population provides its daily require-ments”-symbolic interactionism: community is socially constructed by group of insitutions who identify themselves as members of