Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Social CapitalII. Altruism, Volunteering, PhilanthropyIII. Reciprocity, Honesty, Mutual TrustOutline of Current Lecture IV. MoneyV. SprawlVI. DeclineVII. CapitalsCurrent LectureWhy Declining? Pressures of Time?-positive correlation between civic activity and work hours SOA 240 1st Edition-civic decline is almost same for both least busy and most busy-long hours and hectic schedules may contribute... but NOT sole reasonPressures of Money?-financial worry, not actual income levels, inhibit civic engagement-BUT... declines in civic engagement almost as great among affluent as among middle-income-financial pressure may continue, but again not PRIMARY causeSprawl?-sprawl significant contributor to civic engagement for three reasons:1. sprawl takes time2. sprawl associated with increasing social segregation3. sprawl disrupts community “boundedness”Technology and Mass Media?-important for two reasons...-news and entertainment increasingly more individualized-technology allows consumption to be more in private, utterly aloneEntertainment vs Information-newspaper readers... more civically involved than non readers-selective TV viewers... more involved than habitual viewersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-dependence on TV for entertainment...-single most consistent predictor of civic engagementIn Sum... What contributes to Decline?-supporting roles... (responsible for no more than 10% of total decline)-pressures of time and money-suburbanization and sprawl-more important roles (perhaps 25%)-electronic entertainment-most important (perhaps 50%)-generational changeCommunity Capitals Theory-social capital-human capital-political capital-cultural capital-financial capital-natural capital-built capitalHuman Capital-individual attribute-refers to skills and abilities of people, leadership, knowledge, and ability to access resources-contributes to ability to earn a living, strengthens community, family, and self-improvement-examples:-education level-general skills and knowledge-physical health and well beingHuman Capital & Community Prosperity-human capital often argued to be single most important factor influencing economic growth, community prosperity-most important investment- EDUCATION-formal and informal-opportunity structure- circular relationship between education and jobs-education/skill level of community influences types of industries that locate there... AND...-...types of industries (jobs) influences educational level/skills of community-requires investment in education AND creating high-quality jobs-investment in schools-communities with good schools have higher home values, more professional, managerial and executive workers, better wagesImplications of Low Human Capital-poverty-United States=15.9% individuals below poverty line (ACS 2012)-McLean County=15.7% individuals below poverty line (ACS 2012)-McLean County more educated than general US population-higher rates of human capital help lower rates of poverty-health status-poverty highly related to health status-poor health negatively affects education, employment-investments in health services lead to improve human capitalPolitical Capital-consists of organizations, connections, voice, and power-power- can be held by individuals, groups, institutions-focus on who “runs things” and who is excluded, how are resources allocated-how exercised:-physical forces-institutional force/authority-influenceNatural Capital-refers to natural resources-land, water, air, minerals, trees/plants, biodiversity, ect.-often viewed as something to be used to produce financial or built capital-but actual USE may lower value in other aspects-often conflict arises over how value of land is viewed by community membersFinancial Capital-resources translated into monetary instruments that can be converted into other assets-distinction- must be some form of investment, used to make more money-not always in the form of “money”-savings-interest-bonds-equityLinking Financial and Human Capital-money needed to invest in schools and education at community level and state level-how is financial capital generated for local schools?-property taxes... higher taxes = better schools-highest spending per pupil in Illinois?-$29,951 (River Ridge Community School District)-lowest spending per pupil in Illinois?-$4877 (Aviston School