CJUS 3310 Organized and Consensual CrimeChapter 8 Summary- Know the historical and cultural characteristics of China and overseas Chinese communities that promote entrepreneurship, legal and illegal:o A cultural dynamic of Chinese society is loyalty to family and friends as a moral imperative.o A member of the Chinese community is part of a latent, hierarchically organized family.- Understand the Triad phenomenon:o Triads, which have a long history in China, engage in highly ritualized dress and behavior.o Triads span international boundaries with member located in virtually every country thathas a sizable Chinese community.o Triads are fluid associations of ethnic Chinese criminals, loose-knit groups operating and cooperating with each other on the basis of personal introductions and mutual interests.o Triads have an associational hierarchy that does not exert vertically integrated control over the members' criminal enterprises.o Chinese criminal groups have cells operating autonomously with leaders who use their extensive connections to arrange complex criminal operations.o Triad business includes international heroin trafficking, trafficking in persons for commercial sex, and manufacture of counterfeit credit cards.- Appreciate how anti-Chinese sentiments led to the establishment of Chinatowns, the role of tongs, and differences between Triads, tongs, and Asian gangs:o Chinese were targets of abuse and violence and found refuge in urban areas where they established "Chinatowns" and formed mutual aid societies and tongs.o Tongs, fraternal benevolent societies, also oversaw Chinatown vice activities.o Although they have dropped the term tong, members are involved in Chinatown illegal gambling, loansharking, prostitution, and alien smuggling.o Like the Irish and the Jews, the available cohort of potential Chinatown gang members began to dry up, the result of education and legitimate opportunity.- Appreciate the unique qualities of Japanese organized crime:o Yakuza are partly responsible for Japan's low crime rate.o Each yakuza group has a pyramidal structure with four or five ranks. Decisions that affect the organization as a whole are made by the boss and his senior executives, while routine day-to-day decision making is decentralized.o The self-image of the yakuza stands in contrast to that of their American counterparts: Yakuza view themselves as modern samurai.o After Japan's defeat, the new yakuza emerged that was far more violent and materialistic than their prewar predecessors a situation that closely parallels that of the "old" and Nuovo Mafia in Sicily.o Yakuza control most organized criminal activity in Japan, including drug trafficking and international trade in sexual