Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters+Simplified Block DiagramSensors and ActuatorsSensorsExample: Acceleration SensorCharge-coupled devices (CCD)CMOS Image SensorsComparison CCD/CMOS sensorsExample: Biometric SensorsExample: Artificial eyesArtificial eyes (2)Other examples of sensorsSlide 13Slide 14ActuatorsStepper Motor ControllerMEMS ActuatorsSlide 18Slide 19Sample-and-Hold CircuitAliasingAnalog to Digital ConversionAnalog-to-Digital ConverterFlash A/D ConverterSuccessive ApproximationSuccessive ApproximationSignal ProcessingFrequency DomainSlide 29Digital-to-Analog (D/A) ConvertersOutput voltage  no. represented by xReconstruct Analog from Digital?Control SystemsSlide 34Control SystemTrackingOpen-Loop Control SystemsSlide 38Other Characteristics of open loopClosed Loop Control SystemsBenefit of Computer ControlSummaryICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters1Hardware Components:Sensors, Actuators, Converters+Nikil DuttUC IrvineICS 212 Winter 2005+Copyrighted Material adapted from Peter Marwedel, Frank Vahid and Tony GivargisTemplates from Prabhat MishraICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters2Simplified Block DiagramactuatorsactuatorsICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters3Sensors and ActuatorsSensors:Capture physical stimulus (e.g., heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, or other mechanical motion)Typical generate a proportional electrical currentMay require analog interfaceActuatorsConvert a command to a physical stimulus (e.g., heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, or other mechanical motion)May require analog interfacesolenoidmiclaser diode/transistorspeakerdc motorcompassaccelerometerICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters4SensorsProcessing of physical data starts with capturing this data.Sensors can be designed for virtually every physical stimulus heat, light, sound, weight, velocity, acceleration, electrical current, voltage, pressure, ...Many physical effects used for constructing sensors. law of induction (generation of voltages in an electric field), light-electric effects.ICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters5Example: Acceleration SensorCourtesy & ©: S. Bütgenbach, TU BraunschweigMEMS deviceSmall mass in centerWhen accelerated:Mass displaced from centerResistance of wires connected to mass changeDetect change in resistance and model accelerationICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters6Charge-coupled devices (CCD)Image Sensors: Based on charge transfer to next pixel cellImage Sensors: Based on charge transfer to next pixel cellICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters7CMOS Image Sensors Based on standard production process for CMOS chips, allows integration with other components.ICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters8Comparison CCD/CMOS sensorsSource: B. Diericks: CMOS image sensor concepts. Photonics West 2000 Short course (Web)ICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters9Example: Biometric SensorsExample: Fingerprint sensor (© Siemens, VDE):Example: Fingerprint sensor (© Siemens, VDE):Integrated into ID mouse.ICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters10Example: Artificial eyes© Dobelle Institute(www.dobelle.com)ICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters11Artificial eyes (2)He looks hale, hearty, and healthy — except for the wires. They run from the laptops into the signal processors, then out again and across the table and up into the air, flanking his face like curtains before disappearing into holes drilled through his skull. Since his hair is dark and the wires are black, it's hard to see the actual points of entry. From a distance the wires look like long ponytails.© Dobelle Institute(www.dobelle.com)ICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters12Other examples of sensorsHeart monitoring sensors“Managing Care Through the Air”»IEEE Spectrum Dec 2004Rain sensors for wiper controlHigh-end autosPressure sensorsTouch pads/screensProximity sensorsCollision avoidanceEngine control sensorsAudio sensors Motion sensorsThermal sensorsSARS detection (“high fever”)ICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters13Simplified Block DiagramactuatorsactuatorsICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters14Sensors and ActuatorsSensors:Capture physical stimulus (e.g., heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, or other mechanical motion)Typical generate a proportional electrical currentMay require analog interfaceActuatorsConvert a command to a physical stimulus (e.g., heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, or other mechanical motion)May require analog interfacesolenoidmiclaser diode/transistorspeakerdc motorcompassaccelerometerICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters15ActuatorsOutput physical stimulus varies in range and modality Large (industrial) control actuatorsPneumatic systems: physical motionOptical outputIRThermal outputSmall motor controllers (stepper motors)MEMS devicesList goes on…..ICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters16Stepper Motor ControllerStepper motor: rotates fixed number of degrees when given a “step” signalIn contrast, DC motor simply rotates when power applied, and coasts to stopRotation achieved by applying specific voltage sequence to coilsController greatly simplifies thisICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters17MEMS ActuatorsHuge variety of actuators and output devices.Microsystems motors as examples (© MCNC)(Dimensions in the order of several microns)(© MCNC)ICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters18ActuatorsCourtesy and ©:E. Obermeier, MAT,TU BerlinICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters19Simplified Block DiagramactuatorsactuatorsICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware Components: Sensors, Actuators, Converters20Sample-and-Hold CircuitSampling: how often the signal is converted.Quantization: how many bits used for sampling.Model: Vx = Ve when Clock = 1ICS212 WQ05 (Dutt) Hardware