CS244-Introduction to Embedded Systems and Ubiquitous ComputingCS244 – Lecture 2OverviewHybrid Embedded SystemsAerospaceAutomobilesRoboticsProcess ControlSensor NetsMultimediaConsumer ElectronicsNetwork ComponentsMedical InstrumentsE-BusinessDistributed & Grid ComputingSummary of Application DomainsReal-Time SystemsCS244-Introduction to Embedded Systems and Ubiquitous ComputingInstructor: Eli BozorgzadehComputer Science DepartmentUC IrvineWinter 2010Winter 2010- CS 2442CS244 – Lecture 2Embedded ApplicationsWinter 2010- CS 2443OverviewHybrid embedded systemsAerospace, automobiles, robotics, process control, and sensor netsMultimediaConsumer electronicsAppliances, office electronics, and home/office automationNetwork componentsBridges, routers, switches, and hubsMedical instrumentsPatient monitoring, MRI, and artificial heartsE-BusinessATM, wending machinesDistributed & grid computing3OVERLAPPI NGWinter 2010- CS 2444Hybrid Embedded SystemsComputation systems whose behavior is tightly integrated with the physical worldEg., the behavior of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can be modeled by a combination of differential equations (the aerodynamics and low level feedback controllers) and a finite state automata (high level flight path decisions, such as to ascend or descend).Behavior is governed by both continuous-state dynamics from the physical world and discrete-state dynamics from the computationPassage of time during computation affects the state of the physical worldInherently concurrent (inherent vs. built-in concurrency?)4Winter 2010- CS 2445AerospaceFlight controlStability: real-time differential feedback loops Positioning & navigationGPS, INSInstrumentationData acquisition, display, processing, and archive RadarCommunication5Winter 2010- CS 2446AutomobilesEngine managementFuel, ignition, timingEmission controlInstrumentationData acquisition, display, processing, and archive Safety & stabilityAirbags, active controlEntertainment & comfortRadio, A/C, …6Winter 2010- CS 2447RoboticsImplies autonomous operationN physical degree of freedomArtificial intelligenceControl heavyMission orientedRepair, search, rescue, investigate, and perform physically difficult tasks7Winter 2010- CS 2448Process ControlIndustrial automationPlant monitoring and production controlSimilar to control systems but with emphasis on management8Winter 2010- CS 2449Sensor NetsMany sensor nodes each capable (but limited) of sensing, computation/storage, and communicationStructure safetySearch and rescueMilitary useSelf organizationEnergy EfficientDistributedModern Sensor NodesUC Berkeley: COTS DustUC Berkeley: COTS DustUC Berkeley: Smart DustUCLA: WINSRockwell: W INSJPL: Sensor Webs9Winter 2010- CS 24410MultimediaAn exercise inSignals, analog to digital conversion, quantization, sampling, processing, and digital to analogue conversionInformation theory, entropy, Huffman codes, compression, lossless compression Images, audio, videoVirtual RealityPresentationQuality of serviceThink lots of data (formats and standards too)!10Winter 2010- CS 24411Consumer ElectronicsHome appliancesYesterday’s appliances: add computationTomorrow’s appliances: add networking (Internet)Office electronicsIntegration Electronic paper (filing, printing, sending, and receiving)Home/office automationCommon fantasy about the automated home or office of the future with lights and appliances that operate by themselves or with minimal effort11Winter 2010- CS 24412Network ComponentsStitching LANsBridgeConnects two parts of the same networkRouterLink networks using different network identities Extending portsSwitchTransmit to recipient onlyHubTransmit to allHandle large volume of highly structured data with little transform12Winter 2010- CS 24413Medical InstrumentsPerform diagnosis (screening/evaluation)Data collectionAppraisal of that dataDeveloping a plan of actionObservation or monitoringSensing and instrumentationAccuracy and precisionOther applications:Radiation therapyArtificial hearts, arms, legs, …13Winter 2010- CS 24414E-BusinessInformation processing systemsATMCache registersScannersCredit-card readersOften the interface behind a databaseAutomation and convenience14Winter 2010- CS 24415Distributed & Grid ComputingCoordinated resource sharing and problem solvingThe grid is static, reliable, and has infinite resource (for practical purposes)Users (the mobile device e.g., PDA) has limited resourcesMiddleware mitigates the resource sharing and coordination efforts15Winter 2010- CS 24416Summary of Application DomainsLooked at a number of application domainsLarge amount of overlap between these domainsOften each domain has associated standards, design methodologies, and certification programsThe future appears to suggest a fusion of design differences into a single methodology16Winter 2010- CS 24417Real-Time SystemsA systems where correctness depends on logical results and the time the results are producedSafety-critical: incorrect operation leads to human lossMission-critical: incorrect operation leads to failed missionJ.A. Stankovic et al. “Strategic Directions in Real-Time and Embedded