CS244-Introduction to Embedded Systems and Ubiquitous ComputingIntroduction to Embedded SystemsCourse outlineOutlineWhat’s an Embedded System?Embedded SystemsAn Example Embedded SystemES: Simplified Block DiagramCourse OutlineComponents of Embedded SystemsHardware ComponentsHardware Components of Embedded Systems- an exampleProcessorsGP/SP Processor ArchitectureGeneral-purpose processorsApplication-specific IS processors (ASIPs)Application-Specific ICs (ASICs)Application Specific Circuits (ASIC)GP vs. SP ProcessorsStorageWrite-abilityStorage-permanenceMemory TypesCommunicationSerial CommunicationParallel CommunicationWireless CommunicationPeripheralsTimersCountersWatchdog TimerUARTPulse Width Modulator (PWM)LCDKeypadStepper Motor ControllerAnalog-to-Digital ConverterSummaryCS244-Introduction to Embedded Systems and Ubiquitous ComputingInstructor: Eli BozorgzadehComputer Science DepartmentUC IrvineWinter 2010Winter 2010- CS 2442Introduction to Embedded SystemsSuggested Textbooks:Embedded System Design, by F. Vahid and Givargis, Wiley, 2002Embedded System Design, by P. Marwedel, Kluwer Academic, 2003Embedded System Design, by Gajski, Abdi, and et. al., Springer, 2008Other sourcesLecture noteshandoutsWinter 2010- CS 2443Course outlineLecturesTue-Thu: 9:30-11:00 a.m. DBH 130Office hours: email me first to make sure I am available!Grading policy:25%: homework25%: Paper presentation Each of you presents a paper assigned to you, assignment: around week 4 and presentation around week 8-9.30%: embedded system Example project (week 6-10)20%: Exam (late midterm, week 8-9)Winter 2010- CS 2444OutlineWhat are embedded systems?Embedded System ComponentsHardware/softwareEmbedded System applicationsModel, languages and toolsHardware/software co-design and synthesisReconfigurable ComputingReal time Operating systemsCopyrighted Material adapted from slides by Peter Marwedel, Frank Vahid,Tony Givargis, Dan Gajski, and Nikil DuttWinter 2010- CS 2445What’s an Embedded System?Embedded systems =information processing systems embedded into a larger productTwo types of computingDesktop – produced millions/yearEmbedded – billions/yearNon-Embedded SystemsPCs, servers, and notebooksThe future of computing! Automobiles, entertainment, communication, aviation, handheld devices, military and medical equipments.Winter 2010- CS 2446Embedded SystemsDevices other than desktop PCs, servers, and notebooksElectricity running throughPerform something intelligentHardware/software which form a component of a larger system, but are concealed from userComputers camouflaged as non-computers The future of computing!6Winter 2010- CS 2447An Example Embedded SystemDigital Camera Block DiagramWinter 2010- CS 2448ES: Simplified Block DiagramactuatorsactuatorsWinter 2010- CS 2449Course Outline ConceptConceptSpecificationSpecificationHW/SWHW/SWPartitioningPartitioningHardware ComponentsHardware ComponentsSoftware ComponentsSoftware ComponentsEstimation -Estimation -ExplorationExplorationHardwareHardwareSoftwareSoftwareDesignDesign(Synthesis, Layout, …)(Synthesis, Layout, …)DesignDesign(Compilation, …)(Compilation, …)Validation and Evaluation (area, power, performance, …)Validation and Evaluation (area, power, performance, …)Winter 2010- CS 24410Components of Embedded Systems Analog Components Sensors, Actuators, Controllers, … Digital Components Processor, Coprocessors Memories Controllers, Buses Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) Converters – A2D, D2A, … Software Application Programs Exception HandlersHardwareSoftwareHardware ComponentsWinter 2010- CS 24412Hardware Components of Embedded Systems- an exampleAnalogDigital AnalogMemoryCoprocessorsControllersConvertersProcessorInterfaceSoftware(Application Programs)ASICWinter 2010- CS 24413ProcessorsWhat is a processor?Artifact that computes (runs algorithms)Controller and data-pathGeneral-purpose (GP) processors:Variety of computation tasksFunctional flexibility and low cost at high volumes (maybe)Slow and power hungrySingle-purpose (SP) processors (or ASIC)One particular computation taskFast and power efficientFunctional inflexibility and high cost at low volumes (maybe)13Winter 2010- CS 24414GP/SP Processor Architecture14Data-PathDataInputDataOutputControlStatusControllerControlWinter 2010- CS 24415General-purpose processorsProgrammable device used in a variety of applicationsAlso known as “microprocessor”FeaturesProgram memoryGeneral datapath with large register file and general ALUUser benefitsLow time-to-market and NRE costsHigh flexibilityExamples Pentium, Athlon, PowerPCIR PCRegisterfileGeneralALUDatapathControllerProgram memoryAssembly code for: total = 0 for i =1 to …Control logic and State registerDatamemoryWinter 2010- CS 24416Application-specific IS processors (ASIPs)Programmable processor optimized for a particular class of applications having common characteristicsCompromise between general-purpose and ASIC (custom hardware)FeaturesProgram memoryOptimized datapathSpecial functional unitsBenefitsSome flexibility, good performance, size and powerExamplesDSPs, Video Signal Processors, Network Processors,..IR PCRegistersCustomALUDatapathControllerProgram memoryAssembly code for: total = 0 for i =1 to …Control logic and State registerDatamemoryWinter 2010- CS 24417Application-Specific ICs (ASICs)Digital circuit designed to execute exactly one programcoprocessor, hardware acceleratorFeaturesContains only the components needed to execute a single programNo program memoryBenefitsFastLow powerSmall sizeDatapathControllerControl logicState registerDatamemoryindextotal+Winter 2010- CS 24418Application Specific Circuits (ASIC) Custom-designed circuits necessary if ultimate speed or energy efficiency is the goal and large numbers can be sold.Approach suffers from long design times and high costs.Winter 2010- CS 24419GP vs. SP ProcessorsProgrammable controllerControl logic is stored in memoryFetch/decode overheadHighly general data-pathTypical bit-width (8, 16, 32, 64)Complete set of arithmetic/logic unitsLarge set of registersHigh NRE/sale-volumeHardwired controllerNo need for program memory and cacheNo fetch/decode
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