CS244-Introduction to Embedded Systems and Ubiquitous ComputingIntroduction to Embedded SystemsCourse outlineOutlineWhat’s an Embedded System?Embedded SystemsAn Example Embedded SystemES: Simplified Block DiagramCourse OutlineComponents of Embedded SystemsHardware ComponentsHardware Components of Embedded Systems- an exampleProcessorsGP/SP Processor ArchitectureGeneral-purpose processorsApplication-specific IS processors (ASIPs)Application-Specific ICs (ASICs)Application Specific Circuits (ASIC)GP vs. SP ProcessorsStorageWrite-abilityStorage-permanenceMemory TypesCommunicationSerial CommunicationParallel CommunicationWireless CommunicationPeripheralsTimersCountersWatchdog TimerUARTPulse Width Modulator (PWM)LCDKeypadStepper Motor ControllerAnalog-to-Digital ConverterSummaryCS244-Introduction to Embedded Systems and Ubiquitous ComputingInstructor: Eli BozorgzadehComputer Science DepartmentUC IrvineWinter 2012Winter 2010- CS 2442Introduction to Embedded SystemsSuggested Textbooks:Embedded System Design, by F. Vahid and Givargis, Wiley, 2002Embedded System Design, by P. Marwedel, Kluwer Academic, 2003Embedded System Design, by Gajski, Abdi, and et. al., Springer, 2008Other sourcesLecture noteshandoutsWinter 2010- CS 2443Course outlineLecturesMon-Wed-Fri: 3:00-3:50 p.m. Office hours: Friday 10-11 a.m.Grading policy:25%: reading assignments + quizzes (2-3)25%: homework and project assignments (2-3)25%: literature survey (group of 2-3)25%: FinalWinter 2010- CS 2444OutlineWhat are embedded systems?Embedded System ComponentsHardware/softwareEmbedded System applicationsModel, languages and toolsHardware/software co-design and synthesisReal time Operating systemsCopyrighted Material adapted from slides by Peter Marwedel, Frank Vahid,Tony Givargis, Dan Gajski, and Nikil Dutt5What’s an Embedded System?Embedded systems =information processing systems embedded into a larger productTwo types of computingDesktop – produced millions/yearEmbedded – billions/yearNon-Embedded SystemsPCs, servers, and notebooksThe future of computing! Automobiles, entertainment, communication, aviation, handheld devices, military and medical equipments.6Embedded SystemsDevices other than desktop PCs, servers, and notebooksElectricity running throughPerform something intelligentHardware/software which form a component of a larger system, but are concealed from userComputers camouflaged as non-computers The future of computing!67An Example Embedded SystemDigital Camera Block Diagram8ES: Simplified Block Diagramactuatorsactuators9Course Outline ConceptConceptSpecificationSpecificationHW/SWHW/SWPartitioningPartitioningHardware ComponentsHardware ComponentsSoftware ComponentsSoftware ComponentsEstimation -Estimation -ExplorationExplorationHardwareHardwareSoftwareSoftwareDesignDesign(Synthesis, Layout, …)(Synthesis, Layout, …)DesignDesign(Compilation, …)(Compilation, …)Validation and Evaluation (area, power, performance, …)Validation and Evaluation (area, power, performance, …)10Components of Embedded Systems Analog Components Sensors, Actuators, Controllers, … Digital Components Processor, Coprocessors Memories Controllers, Buses Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) Converters – A2D, D2A, … Software Application Programs Exception HandlersHardwareSoftwareHardware Components12Hardware Components of Embedded Systems- an exampleAnalogDigital AnalogMemoryCoprocessorsControllersConvertersProcessorInterfaceSoftware(Application Programs)ASIC13ProcessorsWhat is a processor?Artifact that computes (runs algorithms)Controller and data-pathGeneral-purpose (GP) processors:Variety of computation tasksFunctional flexibility and low cost at high volumes (maybe)Slow and power hungrySingle-purpose (SP) processors (or ASIC)One particular computation taskFast and power efficientFunctional inflexibility and high cost at low volumes (maybe)1314GP/SP Processor Architecture14Data-PathDataInputDataOutputControlStatusControllerControl15General-purpose processorsProgrammable device used in a variety of applicationsAlso known as “microprocessor”FeaturesProgram memoryGeneral datapath with large register file and general ALUUser benefitsLow time-to-market and NRE costsHigh flexibilityExamples Pentium, Athlon, PowerPCIR PCRegisterfileGeneralALUDatapathControllerProgram memoryAssembly code for: total = 0 for i =1 to …Control logic and State registerDatamemory16Application-specific IS processors (ASIPs)Programmable processor optimized for a particular class of applications having common characteristicsCompromise between general-purpose and ASIC (custom hardware)FeaturesProgram memoryOptimized datapathSpecial functional unitsBenefitsSome flexibility, good performance, size and powerExamplesDSPs, Video Signal Processors, Network Processors,..IR PCRegistersCustomALUDatapathControllerProgram memoryAssembly code for: total = 0 for i =1 to …Control logic and State registerDatamemory17Application-Specific ICs (ASICs)Digital circuit designed to execute exactly one programcoprocessor, hardware acceleratorFeaturesContains only the components needed to execute a single programNo program memoryBenefitsFastLow powerSmall sizeDatapathControllerControl logicState registerDatamemoryindextotal+18Application Specific Circuits (ASIC) Custom-designed circuits necessary if ultimate speed or energy efficiency is the goal and large numbers can be sold.Approach suffers from long design times and high costs.19GP vs. SP ProcessorsProgrammable controllerControl logic is stored in memoryFetch/decode overheadHighly general data-pathTypical bit-width (8, 16, 32, 64)Complete set of arithmetic/logic unitsLarge set of registersHigh NRE/sale-volumeHardwired controllerNo need for program memory and cacheNo fetch/decode overheadHighly tuned data-pathCustom bit-widthCustom arithmetic/logic unitsCustom set of registersLow NRE/sale-volume19GP: ASIC:20StorageWhat is a memory?Artifact that stores bitsStorage fabric and access logicWrite-abilityManner and speed a memory can be writtenStorage-permanenceability of memory to hold stored bits after they are writtenMany different types of memoriesFlash, SRAM,