Exotics vs. native pestsNative vs. introduced (exotic) pestsSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6How do invasions occur?How do invasions of exotics occur? Mobility of peopleWhat makes a species a successful invader?Preventing/ treating invasionsSlide 11Why worry about exotic species?PowerPoint PresentationSlide 14Asian long horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Exotic: AsiaAsian long horned beetle and emerald ash borerEmerald Ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)Asian long horned beetleSlide 19Slide 20Emerald ash borerSlide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Turf pest: Japanese beetleSlide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Turf pestsParasitic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae Heterorhabditis bacteriophoraPesticide choice: PreventativeSlide 35Pesticide choice: RescueSlide 37Ecosystem ManagementSlide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Forest Tent CaterpillarSlide 48Slide 49Slide 50Gypsy MothSlide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Entomophaga maimaiga Entomophthorales: FamilySlide 57Slide 58Larva killed by E. maimaigaClearwing BorersSlide 61Slide 62Slide 63Hemlock Wooly AdelgidSlide 65Slide 66Slide 67Birch LeafminerSlide 69Slide 70Slide 71Yellowheaded Spruce SawflySlide 73Slide 74European Pine SawflySlide 76Slide 77Exotics vs. Exotics vs. native pestsnative pestsDr. Vera Krischik, Department of Entomology University of MinnesotaToday’s discussionAsian long-horned beetleAsian long-horned beetle(Cerambycidae, Coleoptera)(Cerambycidae, Coleoptera)Japanese beetleJapanese beetle(Scarabeidae, Coleoptera)(Scarabeidae, Coleoptera)Pesticide choiceKills egg laying adultKills larvae or grubBiological control (BC)ClassicAugmentationConservation BCNative vs. introduced (exotic) pestsNative vs. introduced (exotic) pestsAdelgids (aphids, scales, adelgids, Homoptera)Hemlock Wolly adelgid, exoticEuonymous scale, exotic discussed in lectureLeaf and scarab beetles (beetles, Coleoptera)Elm leaf beetle, exotic discussed in lectureJapanese beetle, exoticJapanese beetle, exoticLeaf-chewing moths (moths, Lepidoptera)Gypsy moth, exotic discussed in lectureForest tent caterpillar, nativeClearwing borers, nativeLeaf-chewing sawflies (sawflies, Hymenoptera)Birch leaf miner, exoticEuropean pine sawfly, exotic Yellowheaded spruce sawfly, nativeNative vs. introduced (exotic) pestsNative vs. introduced (exotic) pestsLady beetles (beetles, Coleoptera)Asian lady beetle, exoticConvergent lady beetle, nativeBuprestid borers (beetle, Coleoptera)Emerald ash borer, exoticTwo-lined chestnut borer, nativeBronze birch borer, nativeCerambycid borers (beetle, Coleoptera)Asian long-horned beetle, exoticAsian long-horned beetle, exoticWhite spotted sawyer, exotic Linden borer, nativeNative vs. introduced (exotic) pestsNative vs. introduced (exotic) pestsFour stages of invasion•arrival (accidental or deliberate introduction)•establishment (reproduction)•integration (adaptation)•spread (dispersal)Native vs. introduced (exotic) pestsNative vs. introduced (exotic) pests•How do invasions of exotics occur?•What makes a species a successful invader?•Preventing/treating invasionsNative vs. introduced (exotic) pestsNative vs. introduced (exotic) pestsImport/export of agricultural productsHow do invasions occur?How do invasions occur?How do invasions of exotics occur?How do invasions of exotics occur?Mobility of peopleMobility of people•High population growth rate (r-strategists) (early reproduction, high number offspring)•High mobility•Able to tolerate climate, plant resourcesWhat makes a species a successful invader?What makes a species a successful invader?Control at borders on import of agricultural products or other products that may harbor pests (APHIS)QuarantineQuarantineQuarantine measures may be taken to limit the spread of introduced pests. Usually include a ban on transporting materials that may harbor the pest from infested to non-infested areas.Preventing/ treating invasionsPreventing/ treating invasions•Exotic species: over 50,000 present in the US accidental introductions in soil, on plants or other agricultural products, in water ballast~ 95% of introductions are accidental•Deliberate introductions for biological control of pestsNative vs. introduced (exotic) pestsNative vs. introduced (exotic) pests•Damage to native plants•Damage to food crops/ other products•Cost of pest control•Health problems: vectoring diseases Why worry about exotic species?Why worry about exotic species?(Adults are glossy black beetles with about 20 irregular white spots on each wing cover. The antennae are alternately striped white and black. Adults measure 20-35 mm long and 6-12 mm wide. Asian long horned beetle, Asian long horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennisAnoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)Exotic: AsiaExotic: AsiaSign of infestation: dieback of the upper third of a tree, followed by a large number of shoots or branches arising below the dead portions of the trunk.Asian long horned beetle and emerald ash borerAsian long horned beetle and emerald ash borerNative to Asia1-to 2 year lifecycleLarve feed on phloemAdults emerge mid to late May.Adults are dark metallic green in color, 1/2 inch in length and 1/16 inch wide.Emerald Ash borer, Emerald Ash borer, Agrilus planipennisAgrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)Buprestidae)Emerald ash borerAsian longhorned beetleIn the United States the beetle prefers maple species (Acer spp.), including boxelder, Norway, red, silver, and sugar maples. Other known hosts are alders, birches, elms, horsechestnut, poplars, and willows. Larvae are elongate, cylindrical and pale yellow in color, attaining a maximum length of 50 mm.Asian long horned beetleAsian long horned beetleAsian long hornedbeetle larvaEmerald ash borer larvaAsian long horned beetleAsian long horned beetleRound pits chewed out by females to oviposit.Accumulation of sawdust, produced by the larvae as they bore into the stem.Also sap flow usually visible.Asian long horned beetleAsian long horned beetleCallus tissue produced by the tree causing vertical fissures.Larvae are creamy white in color and are found under the bark. Emerald ash borerEmerald ash borerExit holes where adult beetles emerged from the treeAsian long horned beetleAsian long horned beetleEmerald ash borer larva“D” shaped exit holes on lower part of treeAsian long horned beetleAsian long horned beetleAsian long horned beetleAdults