History of IPMWhat is IPM?IPM Control MethodsSlide 4History of IPM: 4700 to 1200 BCHistory of IPM: 950 BC to 13 BCHistory of IPM: 300 to 400 ADHistory of IPM: 650 to 1780History of IPM: 1800 to 1878History of IPM: 1750 to 1890History of IPM: 1888 to 1901History of IPM: 1899 to 1930History of IPM: 1929 to 1940History of IPM: 1942 to 1960History of IPM: 1950 to 1962History of IPM: 1967 to 1972History of IPM: 1973 to 1987History of IPM: 1988 to 1993History of IPM: 1972 to 2002Damage thresholdSlide 21Economic Injury LevelSlide 23Economic thresholdSlide 25Lower Pesticide Farm Pioneers Win World Food PrizeUniversity of Minnesota, Department of Entomology, logoScorpionflyDr. Vera Krischik, Department of Entomology, University of MinnesotaHistory of IPMHistory of IPM* A system utilizing multiple methods,* A decision making process,* A risk reduction system,* Information intensive,* Biologically based,* Cost effective, and* Site specific.* Multiple tacticslegal, cultural, physical, genetic, biological, chemicalWhat is IPM?What is IPM?History of IPMHistory of IPM• Legal controlLegal control: following state and federal guidelines that are designed to prevent the spread of pests• Cultural controlCultural control: using crop rotation, cultivation, sanitation, habitat modification, or removal of sources of pest infestation• Physical controlPhysical control: using barriers, traps, trap crops; planting, fertilization, tillage, or harvest timesIPM Control MethodsHistory of History of IPMIPM• Genetic controlGenetic control: using plant varieties that are resistant to pest injury• Biological controlBiological control: conservation or introduction of predators, parasites, and diseases that suppress or attack pests• Chemical controlChemical control: select and use the least toxic, environmentally suitable pesticides in the lowest effective amounts to control pestsIPM Control MethodsPest management resource center home http://www.pestmanagement.co.uk/culture/history.html4700 BC Silkworm culture in China.2500 BC First records of insecticides, eg. the Sumerians were using sulfur compounds to control insects and mites.1500 BC First descriptions of cultural controls especially manipulation of planting dates.1200 BC Botanical insecticides were being used for seed treatments and as fungicides in China. The Chinese were alsousing mercury and arsenical compounds to control body lice.History of IPM: 4700 to 1200 BCHistory of IPM: 4700 to 1200 BC950 BC First descriptions of burning as a cultural control method.200 BC The Roman, Cato the Censor advocated oil sprays for pest control.13 BC First rat-proof granary was built by the Roman architect.History of IPM: 950 BC to 13 BCHistory of IPM: 950 BC to 13 BC300 AD First record of the use of biological controls (predatory ants) in citrus orchards in China. Colonies of the predatory ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) were set up in citrus groves with bamboo bridges to move between trees to control caterpillar and beetle pests.400 AD Ko Hung an alchemist recommended a root application of white arsenic when transplanting rice to protect against insect pests.History of IPM: 300 to 400 ADHistory of IPM: 300 to 400 AD1000-1300 Date growers in Arabia seasonally transported cultures of predatory ants from nearby mountains to oases to control phytophagous ants which attack date palm. First known example of movement by man of natural enemies for purposes of biological control. 650-1780 Burgeoning of insect descriptions (after Linneaus)and biological discoveries in the Renaissance.1732 Farmers begin to grow crops in rows to facilitate weed Removal.1763 Linnaeus won a prize for an essay under the name of C.N. Nelin on how orchards could be freed from caterpillarsby mechanical and biological control methods.History of IPM: 650 to 1780History of IPM: 650 to 1780Early 1800's Appearance of first books and papers devotedentirely to pest control covering cultural control, biological control, varietal control, physical and chemical control.1840 Potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) outbreak in Ireland, England and Belgium leading to famine. Large numbers of predatory carabid beetles Calasoma sycophanta to destroy leaf feeding larvae of the gypsy moth. 1848-1878 Introduction of Grape Phylloxera, Viteus vitifoliae, from Americas nearly put an end to the French wine industry. The release of the natural enemy Tyroglyphus phylloxerae from North America in 1873 provided adequate levels of control.History of IPM: 1800 to 1878History of IPM: 1800 to 18781750-1880 Agricultural revolution in Europe; international trade promoted the discovery of the botanical insecticides pyrethrum.1870-1890 Grape Phylloxera (Viteus vitifoliae) and powdery mildew controlled in French vineyards (by the introduction of Bordeaux mixture and Paris Green and the use of resistant rootstalks and grafting).1880 First commercial spraying machine.1883 Apanteles glomeratus was imported from the UK to the USA to control cabbage white butterfly. History of IPM: 1750 to 1890History of IPM: 1750 to 18901888 First major success with imported biological control agents the coccinellid beetle Rodolia cardinalis from Australia for the control of cottony-cushion scale in US citrus fruits. 1890's Introduction of lead arsenate for insect control. 1901 First successful biological control of a weed; Lantana in Hawaii.History of IPM: 1888 to 1901History of IPM: 1888 to 19011899-1909 Breeding program that developed varieties of cotton, cowpeas and water melon resistant to Fusarium wilt.1915 Control of malaria and yellow fever carrying mosquitoes allowing completion of the Panama Canal after its abandonment in the late 1800's.1920-1930 More than 30 cases of natural enemy establishment were recorded throughout the world.1921 First aerial application in insecticide against Catalpa sphinx moth in Ohio, USA.History of IPM: 1899 to 1930History of IPM: 1899 to 19301929 First area-wide eradication of an insect pest against Mediterranean fruit fly in Florida, USA.1930 Introduction of synthetic organic compounds for plant pathogen control.1939 Recognition of insecticide properties of DDT. 1940 Use of milky disease to control the Japanese beetle as the first successful use of an entomopathogen.History of IPM: 1929 to 1940History of IPM: 1929 to 19401942 First successful plant breeding program for insect resistance in crop plants through release of wheat resistant to the Hessian fly. Rediscovery of the insecticidal properties of benzene