Chemical Basis of LifeThe MoleSlide 3What is the importance of a mole?So what does this mean?How do you calculate the molecular weight?MolarityPowerPoint PresentationChemical ReactionsWhat factors can alter a chemical reaction?Endothermic and Exothermic reactionsExothermic and Endothermic ReactionsAcids, Bases and pHAcid Base Reactions and pHIn reality protons don’t exist by themselvesAcid and BasespH indicates concentration of protons.The amount of hydrogen ions in a solution can be measured using the pH scale.Acid–Base Reactions and pHSlide 20Organic Molecules are made of a carbon atomsIt can form an almost limitless array of molecular shapesSlide 23Organic and inorganic moleculesFunctional Groups are molecules that add their chemical characteristics to organic moleculesFunctional groupsWhat is a functional group?Let’s see one example:Composition and properties of six functional groupsSlide 30Chemical Basis of LifeChemical Basis of LifeThe molepHChemical reactions The importance of carbonFunctional groupsThe molepHChemical reactions The importance of carbonFunctional groupsThe MoleThe MoleThe MoleThe MoleAtoms, molecules, and ions are counted by moles.This unit contains 6.02X1023 atoms (or molecules or ions).It is also known as the a] Avogadro’s number (after Amedeo Avogrado, an Italian Physicist).Atoms, molecules, and ions are counted by moles.This unit contains 6.02X1023 atoms (or molecules or ions).It is also known as the a] Avogadro’s number (after Amedeo Avogrado, an Italian Physicist).What is the importance of a mole?What is the importance of a mole?The mole is a useful unit because the mass of one mole of any atom or molecule is the same as its molecular weight expressed in grams.The mole is a useful unit because the mass of one mole of any atom or molecule is the same as its molecular weight expressed in grams.Molecular Weight is the sum of the mass numbers of all the atoms in a molecule.So what does this mean?So what does this mean?It means that if you know the molecular weight of a molecule and if you weigh out that amount in a balance (in grams) you will have 6.02X1023 molecules.The same applies to atoms!!It means that if you know the molecular weight of a molecule and if you weigh out that amount in a balance (in grams) you will have 6.02X1023 molecules.The same applies to atoms!!How do you calculate the molecular weight?How do you calculate the molecular weight?Molecular weight is the sum of the mass numbers of all atoms in a molecule. Add the molecular weights of each individual atom.Multiply it by the number of each atom present in the moleculeFor Example:Water: 1 oxygen atom= molecular weight =16x number of atoms per molecule (1) = 16 grams.2 hydrogen atoms= molecular weight=1x number of hydrogen atoms (2) = 2Molecular weight of the water molecule = 16+ 2 = 18If we weigh 18 grams of water this sample of it will contain:1 mole which is equal to 6.02X1023 molecules of water.Molecular weight is the sum of the mass numbers of all atoms in a molecule. Add the molecular weights of each individual atom.Multiply it by the number of each atom present in the moleculeFor Example:Water: 1 oxygen atom= molecular weight =16x number of atoms per molecule (1) = 16 grams.2 hydrogen atoms= molecular weight=1x number of hydrogen atoms (2) = 2Molecular weight of the water molecule = 16+ 2 = 18If we weigh 18 grams of water this sample of it will contain:1 mole which is equal to 6.02X1023 molecules of water.MolarityMolarityThe number of moles of a substance present per litter of solution.1-molar solution means that there is 1 mole of a substance (6.02X1023 molecules) in 1 liter of a solution. In other words, If you add 1 mole of a substance to one liter of solution then you will obtain a 1-molar solution.The number of moles of a substance present per litter of solution.1-molar solution means that there is 1 mole of a substance (6.02X1023 molecules) in 1 liter of a solution. In other words, If you add 1 mole of a substance to one liter of solution then you will obtain a 1-molar solution.Chemical ReactionsChemical ReactionsChemical ReactionsChemical ReactionsCO2(g)+H2O(l)H2CO3(aq)reactants Product(s)State of each reactant and productThe double arrow means that the equation is reversibleWhat factors can alter a chemical reaction?What factors can alter a chemical reaction?Changing the concentration of of the reactants or the products.Changing the temperature in which the reaction is taking place.Changing the concentration of of the reactants or the products.Changing the temperature in which the reaction is taking place.CO2(g)+H2O(l)H2CO3(aq)Endothermic and Exothermic reactionsEndothermic and Exothermic reactionsEndothermic reactions are reactions that required heat.The energy of the products is higher that the energy of the reactants.Exothermic reactions are reactions that release heat.The energy of the products is lower than the energy of the reactants.Endothermic reactions are reactions that required heat.The energy of the products is higher that the energy of the reactants.Exothermic reactions are reactions that release heat.The energy of the products is lower than the energy of the reactants.Exothermic and Endothermic ReactionsExothermic and Endothermic ReactionsAcids, Bases and pHAcids, Bases and pHAcid Base Reactions and pHAcid Base Reactions and pHWater is not a stable molecule.Water molecules continuously undergo chemical reactions with themselves.Water is not a stable molecule.Water molecules continuously undergo chemical reactions with themselves.H20H+OH-+The reaction proceeds in both directions Hydroxide ionHydrogen ion•The hydrogen ion is a proton•In reality protons don’t exist by themselvesIn reality protons don’t exist by themselvesIn reality protons don’t exist by themselvesProtons will associate with water molecules to form the hydronium ionProtons will associate with water molecules to form the hydronium ionH20H3O+OH-+Hydronium ionH20Acid and BasesAcid and BasesOne of the water molecules on the left side has given up one proton.The other water molecule has accepted the proton.Acids are substances that give up protons during chemical reactions. They raise the hydrogen ion concentration. Bases are molecules or ions that acquire protons