Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Coming due❖Patterns in Nature: by Friday. If score < 92, you get ZERO on PatternMaster. That’ll hurt❖Molecular World tutorial: tonight, 10 p.m.❖Atoms & Molecules Words: tonight, 10 p.m.❖Today’s Assessor: Endosymbiosis due Friday, 10 p.m.1❖Theory❖Hypothesis❖eukaryote, prokaryote❖endosymbiont❖mitochondrion, chloroplast❖(phagocytosis)2Where are we?❖We’ve assembled our pieces❖Now we’ll consider some of the OVERALL organizations in which the machines operate❖…and what kinds of cell designs have proven to have staying power❖…and how a part of our type of cell came to be3Euks & Nukes*Euks & Nukes*The broad divisions of life and what they meanThe broad divisions of life and what they mean4*More responsibly: eukaryotes** have nuclei*More responsibly: eukaryotes** have nuclei**for sissies: eucaryotes**for sissies: eucaryotes!!5‘‘Simple’ and other Simple’ and other misnomersmisnomersWho are the ‘prokaryotes’ and why do you Who are the ‘prokaryotes’ and why do you care?care?6Figure 29-17BacteriaArchaeaGreen plantsFungiAnimalsEukaryaArchaeaBacteria*Greek ‘nut, kernel’ = karyon, so ‘before kernel’ = prokaryoteA tree of lifeWhy a tree? Because it has one trunkEverything alive is at the tipsNobody’s better than anybody elseFigure 29-18❖No nucleus (room of genetic material)*❖No mitochondria (moonshiners)❖No chloroplast (greenhouses)❖No segregated digesters/destroyers [peroxisome; endosome] Note some do have the machineryBacteriaArchaeaGreen plantsFungiAnimalsEukaryaArchaeaBacteriaProkaryotes (a.k.a. procaryotes)Dudes without internal ‘rooms’*Greek ‘nut, kernel’ = karyon, so ‘before kernel’ = prokaryoteProks = Two incredibly ancient lineages❖If they use the same machines engaging the same components & processes, what does that imply❖Common ancestor imply about their similarity to you?9??All living things All living things have common have common process, pieces, process, pieces, codescodesWhen you have a ‘bacterial infection...’❖Why can you take ‘antibiotics’?❖What would you think an anti-bio would do?❖Aren’t you made of cells too?10Some prokaracteristics❖Small-to-tiny, single-celled❖Biochemically brilliant, and very diverse❖No nucleus or ‘packaged’ organelles (membrane-packaged pockets of specialization)❖Some (archaea) tend to like it rough--freezing, boiling, salty, oxygen-free (not all at once!)❖Really, really successful--they outnumber ‘us’ on the planet; they even outnumber you in you!❖Details of pieces different from ours❖membranes, cell walls* different in important ways11*This one’s easy--we don’t have anyWhat is ‘simple’?❖We cover a huge swath of biology in this course❖400-level instructors may only examine topics from 1/4 of one chapter❖Are they simpletons?12Prokaryote: life on the edge❖Picrophilus can survive in drain-cleaner conditions❖Natronomonas pharonis can go equally in the other direction--pure ammonia levels❖Colewellia psychrerythraea survives -196 C.❖Pyrolobus thrives @ 113 C. (remember--water boils a a mere 100)13Prokaryotes: specialists, discoverers❖Photosynthesis❖Breaking down cellulose (you can’t. Even termites & cows can’t--they host bacteria)❖‘fixing’ (making available for life) nitrogen: N2 => NH3❖‘eating’ (deriving energy from) sulfur, iron...14Big is beautifulBig is beautifulSeen any good prokaryotes recently?Seen any good prokaryotes recently?1516All perception of truth is the detection of an All perception of truth is the detection of an analogy.analogy.--Henry David Thoreau--Henry David ThoreauHow do you boldly think about what you have How do you boldly think about what you have never thunk before?never thunk before?http://www.technologystudent.com/struct1/arch1.htmhttp://www.hadrians.com/images/graphics/rome/architecture/roman_architecture_roman_arches.jpgWhy are fences?17Solely for fence companies to make $$$ ?Figure 29-8EukaryaArchaeaBacteriaChromalveolataDiscicristataExcavata Alveolata Stramenopila Rhizaria Plantae Opisthokonta AmoebozoaUnikontaBacteriaArchaeaDiplomonadsParabasalidsEuglenidsCiliatesDinoflagellatesApicomplexaOomycetesDiatomsBrown algaeForaminiferaChlorarachniophytesGlaucophyte algaeRed algaeGreen algaeLand plantsFungiChoanoflagellatesAnimalsLobose amoebaeCellular slime moldsPlasmodial slime moldsGreenplantsEight major lineagesof eukaryotes (protistbranches are in color)18*Greek ‘true’ = eu so ‘real kernel’ = eukaryoteThat tree of lifeRocking it eukaryote style❖‘Rooms gone wild’--cellular compartments❖How did they get here?19Table 7.2 (p. 114) breaks down functionalities of these; do not memorize!-some = ‘body’peroxi: oxygen torchlyso = acidic killerGeneralized animal cellNuclear envelopeNucleolusNucleusRough endoplasmicreticulumPeroxisomeSmooth endoplasmicreticulumGolgi apparatusLysosomeMitochondrionPlasma membraneFigure 7-6aEukaryota’s greatest hits❖Multicellularity!❖If you can see it, it’s multicellular*❖If it’s multicellular, it’s a eukaryote*❖Cytoskeleton!❖Membrane-bound compartments (‘organelles’)!❖You!20Which is Which is eukaryota’seukaryota’s greatestgreatest innovation?innovation?Mitochondrion or Chloroplast?Mitochondrion or Chloroplast?Discuss!Discuss!21Why theft is popularWhy theft is popularThe quick ‘n easy way to photosynthesis, The quick ‘n easy way to photosynthesis, efficient energy harvest... and more?efficient energy harvest... and more?22Words about words❖Theory: the most established explanation that can exist in science. Backed by extensive testing; never been contradicted❖not: something some scientists ‘believe’❖Hypothesis: specific, testable idea about a specific event or system. Based on reasoning & observation❖not: something that popped into someone’s head❖Crazy random guess: just what it sounds like. Sometimes referred to as ‘hypothesis’ or ‘theory’ in common English23You take the high road & I’ll take the low roadWhere might new things come from?This is your father’s Oldsmobile❖WHY would we expect to see things in nature that look re-purposed rather than designed-for-purpose?❖What