CarbohydratesCarbonyl groupMonomers have a variable Number of Carbon AtomsMonosaccharidesRing form of glucoseGlycosidic linkageCellulose and Starch are made of GlucoseCellulose, Starch and Glycogen are polymers of GlucoseRole of CarbohydratesNucleic Acids and the RNA WorldNucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acidsThe sugarsNitrogen-containing basesPolymerization of the Nucleic AcidsFigure 4-3Secondary structure of DNAHelical Structure of the DNA MoleculeOther characteristics of the DNA molecules.RNA MoleculesPowerPoint PresentationStem and Loop Structure of RNAThree Dimensional Structure of the RNA MoleculeRibozymesLipids and cell membraneWhat are lipids?HydrocarbonsThree types of lipids found in cellsFats (triglycerides)SteroidsPhospholipidsAmphipathic lipidsCarbohydratesCarbohydratesChapter 5Chapter 5Carbonyl groupCarbonyl groupMonomers have a variable Monomers have a variable Number of Carbon AtomsNumber of Carbon AtomsMonosaccharidesMonosaccharides•Monosaccharides can vary their spatial arrangement of their atoms.•For example; there are a wide number of hexoses.oEach is distinguished by the by the configuration of its hydroxyl functional group.Because their structuraldifference both sugarsdiffer In their functionsRing form of glucoseRing form of glucoseThe beta form is more common because it is more stable than the alpha form.Glycosidic linkageGlycosidic linkage•These two monomers are identical.Cellulose and Starch Cellulose and Starch are made of Glucoseare made of GlucoseCellulose, Starch and Glycogen are Cellulose, Starch and Glycogen are polymers of Glucosepolymers of GlucoseRole of Role of CarbohydratesCarbohydratesStructural Cell identityThe role of carbohydrates in energy storageStarch GlycogenNucleic Acids and the RNA WorldNucleic Acids and the RNA WorldNucleotideSugarsNitrogen-containing basesPhosphate group5-carbon sugarNitrogenous baseRibose DeoxyriboseCytosine (C)Uracil (U)PyrimidinesThymine (T)Guanine (G) Adenine (A)PurinesNucleotides are the Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acidsmonomers of nucleic acidsThe sugarsThe sugarsNitrogen-containing basesNitrogen-containing basesOnly in RNAOnly in DNAPolymerization of the Nucleic AcidsPolymerization of the Nucleic AcidsFigure 4-3Figure 4-3The sugar-phosphatespine of RNASlide 23 and 5 carbonsjoined byphosphodiesterlinkageUnlinked 3 carbon:new nucleotidesare added hereSecondary structureSecondary structure of DNA of DNA•Strands are complementary to each other.•Antiparallel.Helical Structure of the DNA MoleculeHelical Structure of the DNA MoleculeHydrophobic AreaHydrophilic AreaOther characteristicsOther characteristics of the DNA molecules. of the DNA molecules.RNA MoleculesRNA MoleculesStem and Loop Structure of Stem and Loop Structure of RNARNAThree Dimensional Structure of Three Dimensional Structure of the RNA Moleculethe RNA MoleculeRibozymesRibozymes•RNA molecules have a degree of chemical complexity.•Ribozymes are RNA molecules capable of stabilizing a few transition states and catalyzing a limited amount of chemical reactions.Lipids and cell membraneLipids and cell membraneWhat are lipids?What are lipids?•Lipids are a catch-all term.oIt refers to carbon-containing compounds that are found in organisms and are largely nonpolar and hydrophobic.•They will dissolve in liquids that are non-polar organic compounds.•Lipids (different to amino acids, nucleotides, and carbohydrates) are define by their property and not by their chemical structureoThe structure of the lipids varies widely.HydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsLipids don’t dissolve in waterBecause their high content ofhydrocarbons.Three types of lipids Three types of lipids found in cellsfound in cells•Fats•Steroids•PhospholipidsFats (triglycerides)Fats (triglycerides)•They join by an ester linkage•They are not polymersSteroidsSteroidsThey are distinguish by four-ring structure.The various steroids differ from one another by the functional groups or side groups attached to those rings.PhospholipidsPhospholipidsConsist of a glycerol molecule that is linked to a phosphate groups and either two chains of isoprene or two Fatty acid. In some cases the phosphate group is bonded another small organic molecule such as cholineAmphipathic lipidsAmphipathic