Great Vowel ShiftLinguistics 696b (Spring 2005)(1) Topics:a. Gradual change;b. Rule addition;c. Input bias;d. “Lower mid” vowels.A. Late Middle English(2) tense lax¯ı time ¯u town i ship u cut¯e meet ¯o goose e bed o dog¯æ mean ¯O boat¯a ha te a man(3) diphthongs¯æy day ¯Oy point ¯ew new¯æw dew ¯Ow blow ¯aw law(4) V → [-tense]/ [+cons]"-voc+cons#"-stressV#C0V(5) V → [+tense]/ [-cons](6) ME ¯ı ¯u ¯e ¯o↓ ↓ ↓ ↓¯ey ¯ow ¯ı ¯uB. Hart (1551–1579)(7) ME ¯ı ¯e ¯æ ¯a ¯O ¯o ¯u↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓Hart ey ¯ı ¯e ¯a ¯o ¯u ow(8) ME ¯ew ¯æw ¯æy ¯aw ¯Ow ¯Oy↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓Hart yu (y)¯ew ¯ey ¯aw ¯ow ¯oy(9) ME i e a o u↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓Hart i e a o u1(10) ey ↔ i ow ↔ u¯ı ↔ e ¯u ↔ o¯e ↔ e ¯o ↔ o¯a ↔ aC. Wallis (1653–1699)(11) ME ¯ı ¯e ¯æ ¯a ¯O ¯o ¯u↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓Wallis e/y ¯ı ¯e ¯æ ¯o ¯u 2w(12)¯ewiw¯æw(iw)¯ew(y¯ew)¯æyæy¯aw¯O¯OwOw(2w)(¯o)¯OyOy (2y)(13)MEWallisiieeaæoOu2 u(14) e/y ↔ i 2w ↔ u¯ı ↔ e 2w ↔ 2¯e ↔ e ¯u ↔ O¯æ↔ æ ¯o ↔ OD. Cooper (1687)(15)ME ¯ı ¯e ¯æ ¯a ¯O ¯o ¯uCooper 2y ¯ı ¯e ¯o ¯u 2wME ¯ew ¯æw ¯æy ¯Ow ¯Oy ¯awCooperyuw Oy ¯O(16)ME i e a o uCooper i e æ O 2 u(17) 2y ↔ i 2w ↔ 22w ↔ u¯ı ↔ e ¯u ↔ O¯e ↔ æ ¯o ↔ O2E. Batchelor (1809)(18)ME ¯ı ¯e ¯æ ¯a ¯O ¯o ¯uBatchelor2y iy ey ow uw OwME ¯ew ¯æw ¯æy ¯Ow ¯Oy ¯awBatcheloryuw Oy ¯O(19) iy uwey owOy Ow2y yuw(20)ME i e a o uBatchelor i e æ ¯æ O ¯O 2 u(21) 2y ↔ i ow ↔ Oow ↔ ¯Oiy ↔ e uw ↔ Ouw ↔ ¯Oey ↔ æ Ow ↔ 2ey ↔ ¯æ Ow ↔
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