Linguistics 696bFall ’09HammondPreliminary Take on CynghaneddA. Overview(1) Outline:a. Questions from last timeb. Welshc. Welsh poetryd. Alliteratione. Cynghaneddf. Analysis(2) Topics to come:DateWhat ReadNov. 4 DiddlyNov. 4 Loanwords Kenstowicz (2007)Dec. 12 “OT is stupid” Halle and Idsardi (1997)Dec. 12 Syntax & stress Kelly (1988)(3) Caveat: Today is work in progress.B. Welsh(4) An endangered Celtic language spoken in Wales and Patagonia.(5) Related to Irish/Gaelic, Scots Gaelic, Manx∗, Cornish∗, Breton.(6) Various interesting grammatical properties:a. Weird soundsb. VSOc. Inflected prepositionsd. Auxiliary verbse. Consonant mutations1(7) Weird soundsOrthographyPhonetics Notesmh [m˚(h)] [h] may be absentnh [n˚(h)] [h] may be absentngh[˚N(h)] [h] may be absentrh [r˚]ll [ì]dd [D]th [T]u [W] [i]/[I] in southern dialectsw [u] or [w] weird distribution(8) VSO in past tense:es i i ’r ysgolwent I to the school‘I went to school.’(9) VSO in present tense:dw i ’n mynd i ’r ysgolam I prt go to the school‘I go to school.’(10) Inflected prepositionsGlosssee about onthe book gweld y llyfr am y llyfr ar y llyfrmefy ngweld i amdana i arna ihim ei weld e amdano fe arno feher ei gweld hi amdani hi arni hi(11) Auxiliary verbsa. Auxiliary verbs are required for all verbs other than ‘be’ in the presenttenses.b. All other tenses can be expressed without auxiliary verbs.2(12) Consonant mutationsa. Initial consonants are systematically altered in various morphological envi-ronments.b. These changes show up in the spelling and the meter is sensitive to them.c. Some of the environments are local, e.g. after certain conjunctions, preposi-tions, or pronouns, etc.a. Some of the environments are more abstract, e.g. direct object of an inflectedverb, initial verb of a negative sentence, etc.(13) Relevant phonologya. Stress is generally on the penult.b. Voiceless segments spelled with <h> cannot appear except before a stressedvowel or word-initially.c. There is a very marked intonation rise on many final syllables that is easilyconfused for stress.d. Orthographic <y> is either a vowel or glide depending on context.e. Orthographic <w> is either a vowel or glide depending on context in asomewhat more mysterious fashion.C. Welsh poetry(14) A huge literary tradition dating back to the 5th century AD.(15) The two earliest poets are Aneirin (5th century) and Taliesin (6th century). Thelatter’s work appears in theBook of Taliesin.(16) Poetry in Welsh was sponsored by the nobility for centuries (9-12th centuries), untilthe fall of the last Welsh kingdom in the 12th century.(17) One of the most prolific and famous of the early Welsh poets isDafydd ap Gwilym(c. 1315/1320 – c. 1350/1370).(18) (short) Englyn (from the Gododdin)Stavell Gyndylan am erwan–pob awrgwedy mawr ymgyvyrdana welais ar dy bentan.(19) Awdl (gywydd) (Dic Huws)gwrandewch ganmol brig y don,iraidd wynion ddeurudd;gorlliw ewyn ymlaen lli,fe’i gelwir hi Boreuddydd.3(20) Cywydd (Y Drindod – Dafydd ap Gwilym)Da fu’r Drindod heb dlodiA wnaeth nef a byd i ni.Da fu’r Tad yn anad nebRoi Anna ddiwair wyneb.Da fu Anna dwf uniawnDdwyn Mair Forwyn ddinam iawn.Da fu Fair ddiwair eiriawlDdwyn Duw i ddiwyno diawl.Da fu Dduw Ir, ddioer oroen,’i Groes ddwyn pumoes o’u poen.Da y gwnłl Mab Mair, air addef,Ein dwyn oll bob dyn i nef.(21) Classical meters are still used in the Welsh nationalEisteddfod and in local compe-titions.D. Alliteration(22) Cleanness (Golston, 1998)[k]l´annesse who so [k]´ındly [k]´owthe com´ende,And [r]´ekken up all the [r]´esounz that he by [r]´ıght ´askez[f]´ayre [f]ormez myght he [f]´ınde in [f]´orthering his sp´eche,And in the [k]´ontrare, [k]´ark and [k]´ombruance h´uge(23) The Age of Anxiety, W.H. AudenNow the news. Night raids onFive cities. Fires started.Pressure applied by pincer movementIn threatening thrust. Third DivisionEnlarges beachhead. Lucky charmSaves sniper. Sabotage hintedIn steel-mill stoppage...E. Cynghanedd(24) Two basic patternsa. The final word and some medial word are emphasized and rhyme.b. The final word and some medial word are emphasized and all the consonantspreceding the former are matched in order between the two words.4(25) Internal rhyme:p´aham y bwriai´amorth (3.15)yr haul d´eg ar fy n´eges (4.1)nid wyf ry dd´ıfoes gr´oesan (3.19)(26) Alliteration:i olau’r cw´yr i lawr C´aint (21.58)bradwyr a dr´oes brwydr a dr ´wg (7.19)cannwyll a th´ors Cynllaith y ´w (8.42)(27) Sometimes consonants immediately after the accent are repeated too:g ˆwr b´ellach a grybw´yllir (2.20)rhwydd ´ymy rhoi hawdd´amawr (3.75)dyn w´ıwglod deunaw ´eglwys (25.32)(28) The last consonant of the first accented word can count as the first consonant of thesecond span:gwennol d´eg yn ael y d´on (15.42)llwyddiannus ´oll ydd ai’n s´ant (21.48)darpar i’th i´ad yw’r Porth´Aur (21.78)(29) Some number of unmatched consonants can occur after the first accented word:o Dd´uw ai pechawd i dd´yn (3.1)llong f´awr fal cell eang f´ain (15.43)t´eilwng oedd yt gael t´alaith (2.67)(30) Three accented words with rhyme between first two and alliteration between secondtwo:h´eddiw ’mhob ll´ıw nid ll´ai (14.21)ll´ewych lliw’r dr´ych llawer dr ´ws (8.51)ae nid oedd w´aeth s´aeth rhag S´ais (17.52)F. Analysis(31) Some generalizations:a. some consonants don’t count: [h],[w],[y];b. anchored by two or three stresses;c. alliteration exclusive with internal rhyme;d. can include consonant after stress;e. can grab last consonant of first span;f. can skip a bunch of consonants in the middle;g. the rightmost accent is either the sixth or seventh syllable;h. The other one or two accents can occur anywhere in the line.5(32) Analysis for cywyddau in loose terms:a. match words to a seven-syllable template;b. build right-headed trees where the head dominates an accented syllable;c. build a binary or ternary unit above those trees to bound the number ofaccents;d. match adjacent trees.(33) MatchingTwo trees t1and t2match if their heads rhyme or if all consonants are identical.(34) Matching can be done with correspondence; does that add anything to how weunderstand it?(35) Why is matching disjunctive? Is the choice a function of the position of the firstaccent, with rhyme being more likely the further that accent is to the right?(36) Obvious unanswered questions:a. Why is the line length not connected to the position of accents?b. How do we account for grabbing