Vowel ShiftLinguistics 696b (Spring 2005)(1) divine [d@v´ayn] divinity [d@v´In@Ri]serene [s@r´ın] serenity [s@r´En@Ri]profane [pr`of´en] profanity [pr`of´æn@Ri](2) V → [−tense]/ CC0+ ikdˇs(C1+)"−stressV#C0V(3) various [v´æri@s] variety [v@r´ay@Ri]funeral [fy´un@r@l] funerial [fyun´ıri@l]Canada [k´æn@R@] Canadian [k@n´eRi@n](4) funeral [fy´un@r@l] vs. funerial [fyun´ıri@l]Canada [k´æn@R@] vs. Canadian [k@n´eRi@n]Darwin [d´ArwIn] vs. Darwinian [d`Arw´Ini@n](5) Newton [n´ut@n] Newtonian [n`ut´oni@n]verbose [vr"b´os] verbosity [vr"b´As@Ri]profundity [pr@f´2nd@Ri] profound [pr`of´awnd](6) ¯ı ¯u ¯e ¯o ¯æ ¯O input↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓¯ıy ¯uw ¯ey ¯ow ¯æy ¯Ow diphthongization↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓¯ey ¯ow ¯ıy ¯uw n/a n/a vowel shift↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓¯æy ¯Ow n/a n/a ¯ey ¯ow vowel shift(7) habit [h´æb@t] habitual [h@b´Iˇcu@l]proverb [pr´Av`r"b] proverbial [pr@v´r"bi@l]sober [s´obr"] sobriety [s@br´ay@Ri]proper [pr´Apr"] propriety [pr@pr´ay@Ri](8) perpetuity vs. incredulity(9) u →"+tense−round#/C10V(10) [¯O] in lawn, audacious; [¯a] in spa, balm; [¯æ] in can ‘receptacle’1(11) criticism [kr´IR@s@zm"] criticize [kr´IR@s`ayz] critical [kr´IR@k@l]medicine [m´ER@s@n] medical [m´ER@k@l] medicate [m´ER@k`et]allege [@l´Eˇ] allegation [`æl@g´eˇs@n]rigid [r´Iˇ@d] rigor [r´Ig@r]regal [r´ıg@l] regicide [r´Eˇ@s`ayd]analogous [@n´æl@g@s] analogize [@n ´æl@ˇ`ayz](12)(g → ˇk → s)/−low−backV(13) [y] [i](a) rebellious punctilliousbilious* familial*Pennsylvania Lithuania(b) pavilion quaternionbattalion accordiononion enchiridioncompanion collodionganglion(c) colonialtestimonialfeloniousignominious(d) religious criterionadmonition clarion(e) partial cardialofficious invidiousRussian lithium(f) invasionconfession(14) s → [+voice]/V = V"+tenseV#VVk´V(15) Spirantization converts /t/ and /d/ into [s] and [z] respectively in the followingthree contexts:(16) If the input is /d/, then spirantization occurs before the suffix -ive, e.g. incorrosive [k@r´os@v] and evasive [@v´es@v].2(17) If the input is /t/, then spirantization occurs across a boundary before asingle-segment front vowel or glide, e.g. in democracy [d@m´Akr@si], residency[r´Ez@d@nsi], confidence [k´Anf@d@ns], residence [r´Ez@ d@ns].(18) The rule also applies before the glide in suffixes like -ion, e.g. in contrition[k@ntr´Iˇs@n], or division [d@v´Iˇz@n] (with subsequent palatalization).(19) PalatalizationA coronal obstruent is palatalized before a [y] followed by a stressless vowel,e.g. in fortunate [f´orˇc@n@t], perpetual [pr"p´Eˇcu@l] vs. fortuitous [f`ort(y)´u@R@s],perpetuity [p`r"p@t(y)´u@Ri].(20) sociology [s`osi´Al@ˇi] [s`oˇsi´Al@ˇi]associate [@s´osi@t] [@s´oˇsi@t]perpetuity [p`r"p@t(y)´u@Ri] [p`r"p@ˇc´u@Ri]fortuitous [f`ort(y)´u@R@s] [f`orˇc´u@R@s]ReferencesChomsky, Noam, & Morris Halle. (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. New York:Harper & Row.Fidelholtz, James. (1975). Word frequency and vowel reduction in English. In ChicagoLinguistic Society, volume 11, 200–213.Halle, Morris. (1977). Tenseness, Vowel Shift, and the phonology of the back vowelsin Modern English. Linguistic Inquiry 8.611–625.——, & K. P. Mohanan. (1985). Segmental phonology of modern English. LinguisticInquiry 16.57–116.Hooper, Joan. (1976). Word frequency in lexical diffusion and the source of mor-phophonological change. In Current progress in historical linguistics, ed. byW. Christie, 96–105. Amsterdam: North