Midterm 2 Review  Midterm info:  Midterm exam on Monday (April 18th)  50 multiple choice/true-false questions  Covers material from Lectures 5-9 (Chapters 18, 22-24)  3x5 index card “cheat sheet” allowed (both sides)  Include whatever you want, name must be on it  Must turn in cheat sheet with exam, will be returned  Things to help you study: 1. Lecture notes 2. Midterm study guide (posted on web) 3. Homework 4. Assigned reading1) Which of the following are ALL moons of Jupiter? a. Eu r opa, Io, and Titan b. Io, Ganymede, and Callisto c. Phobos and Deimos d. Miranda, Titania, and Oberon e. E u r opa, Phoebe, and Phobos Practice Midterm!Jovian Moons = Galilean Moons1.5 AU Mars Jupiter 1 AU 2 AU 3 AU 4 AU 5 AU SUN Venus Mercury 1 AU 30 AU 10 AU 20 AU 40 AU 5 AU Saturn Uranus Neptune Jupiter S U N The Solar System Pluto Asteroid Belt 1 AU: distance from Sun to Earth = 150,000,000 kmPractice Midterm! 4) What is the likely source of Jupiter’s extensive magnetic field? a. An interior layer of metallic hydrogen b. The fast swirling clouds in its upper atmosphere c. An interior layer of methane d. Jupiter’s moon, Callisto e. The Great Red SpotNicholas Copernicus Crazy (but not really) Copernicus Copernicus heliocentric model (Sun at center) • proposed Earth NOT AT CENTER, but SUN IS! • Sun-Centered model = Heliocentric ModelMagnetic Field Generation? rocky core liquid metallic hydrogen molecular hydrogen Earth Jupiter Requirements for magnetic field: 1. rotation 2. heat flow, convecting fluid 3. a mobile conductor (iron or metallic hydrogen)Practice Midterm!Cratered Highlands vs. Lunar Maria Cratered highlands - anorthosites (feldspar) - older (> 4 Gyr) - nearside & farside Maria (lava flows in basins) - basalts (magma), smooth - younger (~3.2-3.9 Gyr) - nearside only Cratered highlands Mariaa. I. b. II. c. III. d. IV. e. Not enough information 8) Which planet has the largest volcano? (Do you remember the name?) a. Jupiter b. Mercury c. Venus d. Mars e. Earth Practice Midterm!The Phases of the Moon• Largest volcano in solar system Olympus Mons Volcanism on Mars: Olympus Monsa. Venus b. Mars c. Moon d. Earth e. Mercury 10) The dominant constituent of the Venus atmosphere is ________ (can you remember the other constituent that forms a haze in the atmosphere?) a. Oxygen b. Nitrogen c. Carbon dioxide d. Sulfur dioxide e. Water Practice Midterm!9) The following topography map is from which planetary body?Venus “Continents” & Volcanoes Elevation (km)Why So Hot? …..greenhouse gas? Carbon dioxide • H2SO4 • CO2Practice Midterm!Venus: Rotation & Orbit • Retrograde Rotation (reverse of orbit direction) Venus retrograde Earth direct 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 2Practice Midterm!Crater Formation • Impactor hits • Explosion + shock wave Simple craters Complex cratersLunar Astronauts Buzz Aldrin Apollo 11 Neil Armstrong Apollo 11 Michael Collins Apollo 11 Charles Conrad Apollo 12 Richard Gordon Apollo 12 Alan Bean Apollo 12 Alan Shepard Apollo 14 Stuart Roosa Apollo 14 Edgar Mitchell Apollo 14 David Scott Apollo 15 James Irwin Apollo 15 Alfred Worden Apollo 15 John Young Apollo 16 Thomas Mattingly Apollo 16 Charles Duke Apollo 16 Eugene Cernan Apollo 17 Ronald Evans Apollo 17 Harrison Schmitt Apollo 17Practice Midterm!Saturn’s Internal Structure (II) molecular H core Saturn: 0.70 g/cm3 metallic H • less dense than Jupiter, even water! Jupiter: 1.3 g/cm3 Water: 1.0 g/cm3Venus’s Atmosphere Earth Venus 78% N2, 21% O2 97% CO2 1 atm 90 atmMars MoonsPhobos Deimos • ‘captured’ • both spiraling inwards• Early Earth struck by Mars-size object Formation of the MoonExploration of Saturn Cassini Voyager 2 • Voyager 1 & 2 fly-bys 1979 US • Cassini-Huygens orbiter (Saturn) 2004 US/Europe probe (Titan) 2005 Huygens ProbeMagellan: Mapping Venus Magellan: Mapping Venus• Mapped entire planet - topography radar imageWater on Mars: Samples How to detect past water? • Meteorites (Earth) Alan Hills Meteorite Evidence? MER Opportunity blueberries MER Opportunity: ‘Last Chance’ • MERover findings - hematite, beddingHow to detect past water? carved canyon --> images Evidence? • Runoff channels: sustained surface water • Gullies: recent volumes of water? Water on Mars: Surface Features• Crater density: gives relative surface ages (absolute ages?) • Local stratigraphy: age relationships - which happened 1st? 2nd? Why are Craters Important?Jupiter’s Internal Structure • Layer 1: molecular hydrogen (gas & fluid) ~12,000 km • Layer 2: metallic hydrogen (fluid) (1) (2) (3) core 30,000 °CUranus’s Interior • Layer 1: molecular hydrogen, helium, methane (CH4) (gas) (1) (2) corePluto: Is it a planet? Requirements for planet status: 1. orbits a star (our sun) 2. large enough to form sphere (gravity) 3. has cleared “neighborhood” around its orbit …..so NO, Pluto is NOT a planet - #3: Pluto’s moon Charon - Pluto now designated as a “dwarf