Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Water on EarthSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Hueco BolsonSlide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Class updates: Reading: Sections 11.1-11.9Today’s topics: Water on Earth Water transport Water and geologyClass 11: Hydrology & Water in El Paso El Paso Hydrology EP Ground water EP Drinking waterWater on EarthPicture of Earth showing if all Earth's water (liquid, ice, freshwater, saline) was put into a sphere it would be less than 870 miles (1,400 kilometers) in diameter. Diameter would be about the distance from Salt Lake City, Utah to Topeka, Kansas, USA.Credit: Illustration by Jack Cook, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; USGS.Water on EarthWater usage in the worldHydrologic (aka water) cycleEvaporation & transpirationWater from evaporation and transpiration:water is taken up as vapor into the atmosphere 85% from the oceans 15% from landCondensationCondensation: occurs in the atmosphere; air becomes saturated with water in cold airPrecipitationTransport to oceanSlow TransportAntarctic Ice feeds glaciers that “flow” to ocean:Essentially long-term storageFast transport: River Drainage BasinIn basin all water collects in 1 riverWater residence times•Residence time = mass in control volume / mass flow rate out of control volumeOceans and seas: ~4000 yearsIce caps and glaciers: ~10-1000 yearsGroundwater: 2 weeks to 10000 yearsLakes: ~10 yearsRivers: ~2 weeksSoil moisture: 2 weeks-1 yearAtmosphere: ~10 daysErosion & Base Level• Streams erode down to base level• Erosion more severe in steep sectionsRiver Valley DevelopmentErosion widens and flattens valleyRiver Erosion (denundation)Challenge question: Why so high in N India? Think of sediment sourceVelocity ProfileFlow velocity in channel depends on friction: friction @ bottom and sides friction due to boulders, gravel, vegetationRiver Types - braiding2 types of streams:1. Braided stream Too much sediment High, in foothills and mountainsRiver Types - meanders2 types of streams:2. Meandering stream In flat areas Less sediment Assymmetric velocity profileMeanders IISediment TransportVelocity profile affects sediments:Floods IFlooding deposits controlled by velocity: - near channel: coarse material = natural levee- outside channel: fine material = floodplainFloods II100 Year Flood: Level that occurs ON AVERAGE 1x in 100 years ~1% chance to occur in any given yearFeatures: Alluvial FansFeatures: River DeltasDelta: fan-shaped, growing deposits where stream meets lake/seaWater in El PasoRio Grande RiverThe riverFloodingEl Paso in the summer of 2006 (monsoon season):Flooding IIFlood zones in El Paso; examplesUpper Valley Mesa & WestwindFlooding IIITerraces: look West across theRio Grande ValleyFeatures in the areaFranklin Mountains looking from NE to SW: fans along mountainsFeatures in the areaGroundwater & water tablePorosityGroundwaterSaturationStoring waterGroundwater flowRecharge & dischargeWhere water table intersects topography: water at surfaceSpringsWater wellsWell casing2 Aquifers:  W of Franklins: Mesilla Bolson E of Franklines: Hueco BolsonAquifers near El PasoHueco BolsonHueco Bolson:•Annual recharge- 1.8 million gallons•Annual pumping- 6.9 million gallons•1.8-6.9 = -5.1 million gallons/yr. •Pumping creates drop in water table•Usage (1992): –El Paso- ~12,000 gallons per person per year–Ciudad Juárez- ~16,000 gallons per person per year•3 sources for water:–Rio Grande River (less than 20%)–Hueco Bolson + Mesilla Bolson (rest)•Desalination plant w/ Fort BlissWater use in El PasoDemand > supply: water table will be depressed (cone of depression) if more water is taken than recharge brings inProblems with wellsLimestone dissolution affects landscape: Sinkholes Solution valleys Disappearing streams CavesLandscape by dissolutionCollapse of caves/dissolved rocks:SinkholesGroundwater dissolves rocks, then water table drops:Caves contain: Stalagmites StalactitesNearby:Carlsbad CavernsCavesWater reacts with CO2: creates carbonic acid, which dissolves: Limestone EvaporiteAcidic groundwaterTaking too much water: SubsidenceContamination of water: Land fills Septic systems Industry (accidents or not)Environmental problemsConcentration of Arsenic in groundwater:Environmental problems IIHot water used:  Heat homes Drive turbines w/ steam Fancy spasPro: semi-renewableCon: uncommon & expensiveOther uses: geothermal