Lab 2 - Systematics o The study of evolutionary relationships among organismso Develops hypothetical models (phylogenies) - Phylogenieso that reconstruct the evolutionary history of organisms based on common ancestry- Taxon/taxonomyo Practice of naming and classifying organismso A named group at any level- Levels of taxonomic classificationo KFCOFGSo DSGSFGS- Monophyletico Cladeso Consist of an ancestor and all of its descendants- Paraphyletico Not clades – taxao An ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants- Polyphyletico Taxao More than one ancestor- Foundation concepts of the Theory of Evolutiono Cell theory States that organisms consist of one or more cells, and that cells are capable ofreplicationo Gene theory Holds that DNA coded in genes contains the blueprint for protein expression,and that proteins are the foundation for cellular structure and functiono Theory of Inheritance States that the genetic code may be changes through mutation or crossing-overduring meiosis Reduction division and that segregation and independent assortment orchromosomes during meiosis permits unique combinations of genes to beinherited by individuals- 7 areas that provide evidence of evolutiono Fossil record Transitional fossils have characteristics of both ancestral and descendentlineages- Help us understand the function of traits and the order in which theyevolved- Help establish the probable evolutionary relationships of organismso Biogeography The study of the geographical distribution of biological organismso Homology and relatedness of form Structures derived from the same body part of a shared ancestoro Vestigial traits Structures that have no apparent function provide evidence of species changeand clues to evolutionary relationshipso Developmental similarities The stages of embryological development may provide clues to commondescento Molecular genetics Evidence for common ancestry and species change over time is provided bymapping the differences in proteins, DNA sequences, and specific genesbetween organismso Observation of evolutionary change Darwin - Theory of evolutiono States that biodiversity is the result of natural processes- Cladogramo Constructed by examining clusters of shared derived character states (synapomorphies)and comparing them to an out-group A related group that is not part of the group under studyo Branching diagrams where each branch point, or node, indicates a bifurcating event inevolutionary historyo Diagram classifying species into hierarchical groups based on shared, derived characterstates- Analogous structures o Structure with the same function but different structure- Parsimonyo Adoption of the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory or in theinterpretation of data- Plesiomorphyo Ancestral condition- Apomorphyo Derived character not present in ancestor o Homologous to the ancestral character- Autapomorphyo A derived character unique to a taxon- Synapomorphyo A derived character shared by a set of
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