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TAMU BIOL 112 - Lab 2 Objectives

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Lab 2 - Systematics o The study of evolutionary relationships among organismso Develops hypothetical models (phylogenies) - Phylogenieso that reconstruct the evolutionary history of organisms based on common ancestry- Taxon/taxonomyo Practice of naming and classifying organismso A named group at any level- Levels of taxonomic classificationo KFCOFGSo DSGSFGS- Monophyletico Cladeso Consist of an ancestor and all of its descendants- Paraphyletico Not clades – taxao An ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants- Polyphyletico Taxao More than one ancestor- Foundation concepts of the Theory of Evolutiono Cell theory States that organisms consist of one or more cells, and that cells are capable ofreplicationo Gene theory Holds that DNA coded in genes contains the blueprint for protein expression,and that proteins are the foundation for cellular structure and functiono Theory of Inheritance States that the genetic code may be changes through mutation or crossing-overduring meiosis Reduction division and that segregation and independent assortment orchromosomes during meiosis permits unique combinations of genes to beinherited by individuals- 7 areas that provide evidence of evolutiono Fossil record Transitional fossils have characteristics of both ancestral and descendentlineages- Help us understand the function of traits and the order in which theyevolved- Help establish the probable evolutionary relationships of organismso Biogeography The study of the geographical distribution of biological organismso Homology and relatedness of form Structures derived from the same body part of a shared ancestoro Vestigial traits Structures that have no apparent function provide evidence of species changeand clues to evolutionary relationshipso Developmental similarities The stages of embryological development may provide clues to commondescento Molecular genetics Evidence for common ancestry and species change over time is provided bymapping the differences in proteins, DNA sequences, and specific genesbetween organismso Observation of evolutionary change Darwin - Theory of evolutiono States that biodiversity is the result of natural processes- Cladogramo Constructed by examining clusters of shared derived character states (synapomorphies)and comparing them to an out-group A related group that is not part of the group under studyo Branching diagrams where each branch point, or node, indicates a bifurcating event inevolutionary historyo Diagram classifying species into hierarchical groups based on shared, derived characterstates- Analogous structures o Structure with the same function but different structure- Parsimonyo Adoption of the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory or in theinterpretation of data- Plesiomorphyo Ancestral condition- Apomorphyo Derived character not present in ancestor o Homologous to the ancestral character- Autapomorphyo A derived character unique to a taxon- Synapomorphyo A derived character shared by a set of


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TAMU BIOL 112 - Lab 2 Objectives

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