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TAMU BIOL 112 - test 3 board notes

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Chapter 34- Clade Osteichthyes- all verts with bony skeleton Class Actinopterygii- ray-finned bony fishes – most diverse group of verts ~27,000 Class Sarcopterygii- lobed-finned fishes- Key distinguishing features from chondrichthyes Bony endoskeleton Operculum- bony cover over gills Swim bladder- gas or lipid filled structure used for buoyancy control.Tetrapods- terrestrial verts- 4 limbs modified for walking- Class amphibian- lungs become more important for respiration- Class Reptila- lungs become most well-adapted for terrestrial respiration- Class Mammalia – Amniotes- offspring are protected and nourished by a series of membranes-> egg- Better develops ears for detecting air-borne sounds - –> full transition and adaptation to terrestrial existence- -> skin is impermeable -> retain water greater reliance on lungs  Birds- adapted for flight Scales modified into feathers (lightweight and cover wings to create airfoil)  Hollow bones- light-weight Lack teeth Modified lungs- facilitate constant gas exchange Lack urinary bladder- remove nitrogenous waste as a paste- adapted for water conservation Class Mammalia Clade - Gnathostamata- Osteichtayans- Tetrapods- Amniotes  Endothermic or homeothermic- maintain constant body temp internally (birds also) Ancestral amniote-> synapsids mammals: major adaptive redication starting ~ 65 mya- -> Duysids, turtles,  Mammalia subgroups- Monotremes- egg-laying mammals- Marsupials- pouch for offspring development- Eutherians- placental mammals- complete offspring development in verts- In Australia, convergent evolution has resulted in a diversity of marsupials that resemble the eutherians in other parts of the worldChapter 40: animal anatomy and physiology Connection between structure and function Exchange of materials with the environment ( gas exchange, obtaining and converting energy, waste removal) Complex multicelled organisms Coordinated organ system interact with environment and each other Each cell is surrounded by fluid called interstitial fluid and facilitates diffusion of materials and cellular waste. Animal tissue Epithelial - covers outside of body and lines body cavities and organs -cells are closely joined together -found in organs for absorption or secretion  Connective tissue -functions to bind and support to other structures or tissues - sparsely packed cells in an extracellular matrix(liquid, fibrous, jelly-like, solid) -3 types of fibers:- Collagenous – provides strength and flexibility- Elastic- stretch and snap back to original length- Reticular- connective tissue* -cell types- -fiberoblast- secrete the protein that makes fibers- -macrophyes- immune system in bloos 6 types of connective tissue- - loose connective tissue- binds epithelial tissue to underlying tissue layers- -cartilage- strong flexible skeletal support- Fibrous connective tissue- found on tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone)- - Adipose- “fatty tissue” storage of fat for insulation and energy- - Blood- composed of blood cells and cell fragment in liquid matrix called phema*- -Bone- minalized (solid matrix) forms skeleton and strong support Muscle  -consists of long cells called muscle fibers Contract in response to nervous stimulation 3 types:- - skeleton muscle- voluntary muscle, striated muscle- - cardiac muscle- found in heart, has intercalated disks - propagate nerve signal to send the signal across multiple muscle fibers -highly branched- Smooth muscle- involuntary muscle, found in organs, responsible for involuntary functions Nervous  -sense stimuli and transmit signals throughout animals 2 cell types- Neuron- nerve cell- transmit nerve impulses- Glial cell – nourish, insulate the neurons Transmits information from one location of the body to another- Information type depend on pathway (sensory and motor) Fast signaling  Endocrine system Chemical-based signaling Slower than nerve, effects longer lasting Hormones travel in blood Internal condition vs. external environment Conformers- keep internal condition same as external environment Marine inverts (cnidarians) – jellyfish Regulators- uses internal control mechanisms to maintain internal changes in conditions in the face of external environmental fluctuation  Homeostasis- maintaining at “steady state” in internal condition, parameters are maintained when a stable range of* Set point- level at which parameter should be maintained- Body temp is below/above set point -> detected by sensory nerves -> brain(-> hypothalamus) -> response to either lower/raise temp to set point. Negative feedback loops- The build up to a set point or the buildup of chemical product when it reaches the appropriate level it will shut down system. Bioenergetics- overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal - how much food does an animal need to survive and carry out various activities-> locomotion, reproduction, biosynthesis (making your own chemicals and materials) Related to an animal’s size, activity level, environment, thermoregulation strategy. Metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - metabolic rate at rest for an endotherm (comfortable temp). Requires more energy for comparably sized animals Standard metabolic rate (SMR) - metabolic rate at rest for ectotherm at a particular temp (more variable). Much lower SMR then endotherm  Size and activity level affects SMR and BMR Smaller the size, higher the metabolic rate (inverse relationship) Higher activity duration, lower metabolic rate Torpor- physiological state where activity level is low and metabolic rate is low. -energy conservation mechanism when unfavorable conditions or food availability is not favorable Hibernation- associated with winter Estivation – associated with summer- scarcity of water Daily torpor- short termChapter 41 digestion Feeding modes Herbivores- primarily eat plant material Carnivores- primarily eat other animals Omnivores- eat both plant and animal material Animal diet produces Chemical energy- ATP powers processes of cells  Raw materials- C H O N to conduct biosynthesis, essential nutrients required by cells and must be obtainedfrom diet. Essential nutrients  Essential amino


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