Chapter 34- Clade Osteichthyes- all verts with bony skeleton Class Actinopterygii- ray-finned bony fishes – most diverse group of verts ~27,000 Class Sarcopterygii- lobed-finned fishes- Key distinguishing features from chondrichthyes Bony endoskeleton Operculum- bony cover over gills Swim bladder- gas or lipid filled structure used for buoyancy control.Tetrapods- terrestrial verts- 4 limbs modified for walking- Class amphibian- lungs become more important for respiration- Class Reptila- lungs become most well-adapted for terrestrial respiration- Class Mammalia – Amniotes- offspring are protected and nourished by a series of membranes-> egg- Better develops ears for detecting air-borne sounds - –> full transition and adaptation to terrestrial existence- -> skin is impermeable -> retain water greater reliance on lungs Birds- adapted for flight Scales modified into feathers (lightweight and cover wings to create airfoil) Hollow bones- light-weight Lack teeth Modified lungs- facilitate constant gas exchange Lack urinary bladder- remove nitrogenous waste as a paste- adapted for water conservation Class Mammalia Clade - Gnathostamata- Osteichtayans- Tetrapods- Amniotes Endothermic or homeothermic- maintain constant body temp internally (birds also) Ancestral amniote-> synapsids mammals: major adaptive redication starting ~ 65 mya- -> Duysids, turtles, Mammalia subgroups- Monotremes- egg-laying mammals- Marsupials- pouch for offspring development- Eutherians- placental mammals- complete offspring development in verts- In Australia, convergent evolution has resulted in a diversity of marsupials that resemble the eutherians in other parts of the worldChapter 40: animal anatomy and physiology Connection between structure and function Exchange of materials with the environment ( gas exchange, obtaining and converting energy, waste removal) Complex multicelled organisms Coordinated organ system interact with environment and each other Each cell is surrounded by fluid called interstitial fluid and facilitates diffusion of materials and cellular waste. Animal tissue Epithelial - covers outside of body and lines body cavities and organs -cells are closely joined together -found in organs for absorption or secretion Connective tissue -functions to bind and support to other structures or tissues - sparsely packed cells in an extracellular matrix(liquid, fibrous, jelly-like, solid) -3 types of fibers:- Collagenous – provides strength and flexibility- Elastic- stretch and snap back to original length- Reticular- connective tissue* -cell types- -fiberoblast- secrete the protein that makes fibers- -macrophyes- immune system in bloos 6 types of connective tissue- - loose connective tissue- binds epithelial tissue to underlying tissue layers- -cartilage- strong flexible skeletal support- Fibrous connective tissue- found on tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone)- - Adipose- “fatty tissue” storage of fat for insulation and energy- - Blood- composed of blood cells and cell fragment in liquid matrix called phema*- -Bone- minalized (solid matrix) forms skeleton and strong support Muscle -consists of long cells called muscle fibers Contract in response to nervous stimulation 3 types:- - skeleton muscle- voluntary muscle, striated muscle- - cardiac muscle- found in heart, has intercalated disks - propagate nerve signal to send the signal across multiple muscle fibers -highly branched- Smooth muscle- involuntary muscle, found in organs, responsible for involuntary functions Nervous -sense stimuli and transmit signals throughout animals 2 cell types- Neuron- nerve cell- transmit nerve impulses- Glial cell – nourish, insulate the neurons Transmits information from one location of the body to another- Information type depend on pathway (sensory and motor) Fast signaling Endocrine system Chemical-based signaling Slower than nerve, effects longer lasting Hormones travel in blood Internal condition vs. external environment Conformers- keep internal condition same as external environment Marine inverts (cnidarians) – jellyfish Regulators- uses internal control mechanisms to maintain internal changes in conditions in the face of external environmental fluctuation Homeostasis- maintaining at “steady state” in internal condition, parameters are maintained when a stable range of* Set point- level at which parameter should be maintained- Body temp is below/above set point -> detected by sensory nerves -> brain(-> hypothalamus) -> response to either lower/raise temp to set point. Negative feedback loops- The build up to a set point or the buildup of chemical product when it reaches the appropriate level it will shut down system. Bioenergetics- overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal - how much food does an animal need to survive and carry out various activities-> locomotion, reproduction, biosynthesis (making your own chemicals and materials) Related to an animal’s size, activity level, environment, thermoregulation strategy. Metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - metabolic rate at rest for an endotherm (comfortable temp). Requires more energy for comparably sized animals Standard metabolic rate (SMR) - metabolic rate at rest for ectotherm at a particular temp (more variable). Much lower SMR then endotherm Size and activity level affects SMR and BMR Smaller the size, higher the metabolic rate (inverse relationship) Higher activity duration, lower metabolic rate Torpor- physiological state where activity level is low and metabolic rate is low. -energy conservation mechanism when unfavorable conditions or food availability is not favorable Hibernation- associated with winter Estivation – associated with summer- scarcity of water Daily torpor- short termChapter 41 digestion Feeding modes Herbivores- primarily eat plant material Carnivores- primarily eat other animals Omnivores- eat both plant and animal material Animal diet produces Chemical energy- ATP powers processes of cells Raw materials- C H O N to conduct biosynthesis, essential nutrients required by cells and must be obtainedfrom diet. Essential nutrients Essential amino
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