Chapter 29Non-vascular plants-  small and low to ground, non woody (herbaceous)  gametophyte as dominate/ larger part of life cycle reproduction still tied to water gametophyte antheridia sperm are produced archegonia ova (egg) produced sporophyte grows out of the gametophyte -> shorter lived- produce haploid spores through meiosisVascular plants- have vascular tissue- - Xylem- conducting water and minerals up, dead cells (tracheids)- Phloem- distributing sugars and organic materials, moves downward, living cells (sieve tubes and companion cells) 300-360 mya origins in fossil record Sporophyte more prominent and dominant part of life cycle  Features of vascular plants Roots- absorbs nutrients and water, anchoring system  Leaves- site of photosynthesis, leaf structure compromise between max photosynthesis and min water loss Microphylls- spiky, single vein Megaphylls- broad/ flat – max surface for photosynthesis, highly branched vein system. Sporophyll- leaves that have sporangia attached- spores will be produced, seedless vascular plants (fern), several sporophylls growing together in a cone (strobili) Homosporous- one type of spore produced seedless vascular plants Heterosporous – two type of spores produced  Megaspore-.> female gametophyte-> egg Microspore-> male gametophyte -> sperm Seedless vascular plants Phylum Lycophyta Phylum PterophytaChapter 30Seed-bearing plants:- Reduced gametophyte- developed within the walls of spores and they retain within the tissue of the sporophyte.- Heterosporous  Megaspore-female Microspore-male- Ovules – egg is located-> zygote enclosed -> seed- Pollen- male gametophyte -> hold sperm- wind dispersal and animal dispersal Gymnosperms Appear in fossil record ~360 mya Dominant during Mesozoic era Cone bearing (conifers)  “naked seeds” Better suited for drier conditions- seed, vascular tissue, and leaf structure conserve water.- Phylum Cycadophyta- “ sago palms”, separate male and female plants- Phylum Ginkophyta- 1 representive- Gingko biloba, separate male and female plants.- Phylum Gnetophyta- long-lived, drier environments, Ephedra - Phylum Coniferophyta- pines, firs, redwood, male and female on same plant Angiosperms 250,000 species Flowers and fruits. - Seeds contained inside fruit- Ovules-> seeds- Ovary-> fruit Originated 140 mya  Phylum Anthophyta  Flower is reproductive structure- Sepals- modified leaves at base of flower, enclose flower- Petals- modified leaves, colorful attract pollinators- Stamens- (male)  Anther- pollen production Filament- Carpel- (female) Stigma Style Ovary(ovules)  Fruits- Develops from ovary and sometimes other structures- Design of fruit is adapted for dispersal- fleshy -> eaten dry-> wind, water, hitching ride double fertilization - pollen grain carries 2 sperm- 1 sperm -> fertilize the egg- 1 sperm -> combines with central cell (2 ovules)-> endosperm (3n) Phylum Anthophyta- Basal Angiosperms- more primitive, include water lilies- Magnolids- some primitive characteristics and some advance characteristics as well- Monocots- majority of angiosperms, 1 cotyledon, flower petals multiples of 3- Eudicots- majority of angiosperms, 2 cotyledon, flower petals multiple of 4 or5 Embryonic leaf- cotyledon Figure 30.12 Seed germination- Seed becomes dormant for days, months or years- Seed becomes dehydrated, low metabolic activity, allows embryo to survive unfavorable conditions- Seed breaks dormancy due to various environmental cues- changes in temp, light, moisture increase - Imbibition- seed takes up water, seed swells and bursts seed coat, allows influx O2 -> cellular respiration-> energy for cell division and growth Seeds are a product of sexual reproduction Seed plants can also reproduce by asexual reproduction- Fragmentation- parts of a plant can be removed and then grown into a new plant (African violets)- Single root system give rise to many above ground shorts- Grafting- attach a plant part to another plant and it will start to grow with new plant. Plant structure and function Organ system Root system-> roots (below ground) Shoot system->- Stem-> nodes-(lateral projections) and internodes. top of the stem- terminal bud-allows for elongation of plant- and leaves ( above ground) root- function anchoring absorption of water and nutrients (root hairs= increase surface area) stores excess sugar and organic products  stem-function structural support (attachment of leaves and reproduction structures) transport photosynthesis and storage (sugars or water) leaves- function photosynthesis storage (sugars or water/minerals)- thin flattened portion=blade- stem for attachment to main stem= petiole- increased surface area most cells are exposed to sun plant tissue dermal- outer surface of plant; protection vascular- xylem and phloem, transport of materials ground – storage, photosynthesis, structural support plant cells parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma water conducting cells of xylem (tracheids and vessels) sugar conducting cells of phloem ( sieve tubes and companion cells) figure 35.10 pg. 744-745 plant growth  1. Addition of new cells 2. Cell expansion 3. Cell differentiation (specialization)  meristems- specialized regions of plant where cells are actually dividing apical meristems- located at terminal bud and tip of root system, allows for overall elongation of the plant(primary growth) lateral meristems- “cambium” ring of a single layer of cells, contributes to secondary growth -> increase width of stem (secondary growth)- vascular cambium-> gives rise to xylem and phloem- cork cambium-> corated just outside of a 2^0 phloem and gives rise to peridermal- bark= 2^0 + cork cambium+ periderm transpiration- movement of water molecules typically from roots to leaves when stomata are open to let in CO2, water is lost (90%) creates concentration gradient where water potential is lowest in the leaves and highest in the roots evapotranspiration  in arid or drought conditions- close stomata during the day, open them at night stomata are located on underside of leaf, and sometimes surrounded by hair-like projections, or located in pits or