Military Engineers in the BalkansU.S. ARMY ENGINEERS IN THE BALKANS1995 - 2002Camp Bondsteel, Kosovo 2000Military Engineers in the BalkansPurposeTo provide a brief overview of the major missions of military engineers in support of peacekeeping operations in Balkans, from 1995 – 2002.Military Engineers in the BalkansMilitary Engineers in the BalkansBackground• Military Operations Other Than War & Peace Enforcement• IFOR, Bosnia, DEC 1995“Operation Joint Endeavor”• SFOR, Bosnia, DEC 1996 – Present“Operation Joint Guard”• KFOR, Kosovo, JUN 1999 – Present“Operation Joint Guardian”Primary Mission: “To provide a safe and secure environment for citizens under the UN mandate.”Military Engineers in the BalkansMilitary Engineers in the BalkansGeography• 10% Karst, latePaleozoic and Mezozoic Limestonesand Dolomites•Hot Summers, Cold Winters• 50% Forest, 25% MixedFarming, 25% Pastures andValley Farming• 60% Forest, 15% MixedFarming, 25% Pastures and Valley FarmingMilitary Engineers in the BalkansGeographyEthnic Populations:• Bosnia: 44% Muslim, 31% Serb, 17% Croat, 8% Other • Kosovo: 82% Albanian, 10% Serb,3% Muslim, 5% OtherIndustries:Matallurgy, Heavy Industry, PetroleumRefining, Chemicals, Textiles, TourismFood Processing, Power GenerationRaw Materials:Bauxite, Iron, Halite, Lignite, Copper, Lead/Zinc, Limestone/DolomitesMilitary Engineers in the BalkansMobilityBridging:• Crossing of the Sava River near Zupajna, Coatia into Bosnia, completed on 30 Dec 1995Military Engineers in the BalkansMobilityBridging:• Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge (AVLB) • Temporary Fixed Bridging• Bridge Reconnaissance and RepairMilitary Engineers in the BalkansMobilityRoute Clearance:• Military and Civilian Effort•(Mines & Unexploded Ordnance Services [UXO])• Snow and Ice RemovalMilitary Engineers in the BalkansMobilityRoute Maintenance:• Reconnaissance/Classification• Improving/Paving OperationsMilitary Engineers in the BalkansCountermobilityBoundary Closure and Zone of Separation [ZOS] Enforcement:• Obstacle Reseeding• Barricades and Mobile Obstacles for Traffic ControlMilitary Engineers in the BalkansSurvivabilityForce Protection:• Towers, Geotextiles, Berms, Wire installed to improve perimeters of base camps, outposts, and checkpointsMilitary Engineers in the BalkansSUSTAINMENTBasecamps:• Army, Air Force, Navy and Logistics and Civil Applications Program (LOGCAP) team effort• Bosnia: Eagle Base and Camp Comanche• Kosovo: Camp Bondsteel and Camp Monteith – two “cities” built rapidly and “end state” drivenCamp Bondsteel Facts:• Spread over 900 Acres of Wheat Fields• 175 SEA HUTS• Able to sustain over 5000 personnelMilitary Engineers in the BalkansSUSTAINMENTKosovo’s Basecamps:Camp Monteith Facts:• Incorporates a former Serb Army Post• 75 SEA HUTS• Able to sustain over 2000 personnelMilitary Engineers in the BalkansSustainmentBasecamps:• SEA(Southeast Asia) Hut is the standard building type• ATCOVE, SEA Huts, Bunkers, Tier 3 Tents, Sewage Treatment, Motor Pools, Water, Power, Quarry, Laundry, Chapels, Dining Facilities, Airfield, Fuel, etc. - All present at Bondsteel.Military Engineers in the BalkansHumanitarian Projects• Bridge/Route Repair• Mine/UXO Awareness• Limited Civilian Vertical Construction and Demolition support• Disaster Relief Support (ie: Forest Fires, Floods)Military Engineers in the Balkans• The deployment of the NATO Implementation Forces (IFOR), Stabilization Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina (SFOR), and NATO Kosovo Forces (KFOR) have succeeded in preventing a return to hostilities and creating a stable environment in whichfurther progress towards peace and normality can occur.• The complexity of these operations demands military engineer capabilities and resources; requiring more versatility than any other combat support force in the theatre.• As of now, SFOR and KFOR are still ongoing with no current end dates set. The need for engineers will not cease, although it has lessened.SummaryMilitary Engineers in the Balkans• Treleaven, MAJ David L. 1996. Engineers in Bosnia: An Overview. “Engineer: The Professional Bulletin for Army Engineers,” March 1996, Vol. 26 Issue 1, p18-24.• Bostick, BG Thomas P. 1999 Bosnia: The Second Time Around. “Engineer: Professional Bulletin for Army Engineers,” April 1999, Vol. 29 Issue 2, p2-7.• McClure, COL Robert L. 2000. The Engineer Regiment in Kosovo. “Engineer: The Professional Bulletin for Army Engineers,” April 2000, Vol.32 Issue 1, p 2-8.• Central Intelligence Agency. 1993. The Former Yugoslavia: A Map Folio. April 1993.• Personal photographs taken or obtained from Task Force Falcon, Camp Bondsteel, Kosovo during KFOR Rotation 2A.ReferencesMilitary Engineers in the BalkansConclusion“The sun sets on Bondsteel, once our home. We were happy to leave but it will never be forgotten. The Engineer Task Forces have left Kosovo better than they found it. The children can go to school now, some factions are working together, the country-side is marked for minefields, smugglers have been deterred, and violence is diminishing. Serbia is under a new government and sanctions were lifted against them.” – COL Garland H. Williams, EN,