Role of Geology in Assessing Vulnerability of Underground FortificationsPurposeReferencesOutlineHistorical PrecedenceSlide 6Slide 7Geology and FacilitiesSlide 9VulnerablilitiesVulnerabilitiesOur Little FriendNot so FriendlySummaryQuestionsConclusionRole of Geology in Assessing Vulnerability of Underground FortificationsCPT Leif E. ChristensenPurpose•To inform the class on how geology affects the vulnerability of underground structures to conventional attack with historical examples.References•Military Geology in War and Peace, 1998•http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1990/PFA.htm•http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/theater/df-15.htmOutline•Historical Precedence•Geology and Facilities•Vulnerabilities•Modern Systems•Summary•ConclusionHistorical Precedence•400KBC Pithecanthropus (Java Man)•3,500BCEgypt and Mesopotamia•400 BC Ballista, ram, tunnels•A.D. 717 Constantinople - Greek FireHistorical Precedence•A.D. 1161 Explosives in China•14th Century Artillery•19th Century Overhead casements•20th Century Big Birtha, TacNuc, UGFHistorical Precedence•Sir John Adams, 1924, UK Special Air Raid Precautions Subcommittee concluded:•“that in the next war, it may well be the nation whose people can endure aerial bombardment the longer and with greater stoicism, that will ultimately prove victorious”Geology and Facilities•In conventional warfare, the first few meters are critical.•UGFs buried more than several meters are typically immune to nonpenetrating rounds.•Hard rock may even provide immunity to nuclear attack.•Siege craft success is dependant upon accurate geologic assessment.Geology and Facilities•Think outside the box and neutralize rather than destroy.•“Strategic geologic intelligence” assesses and maximizes UGFs with regard to topo, lithology, structure, and rock burial.•“Deutch Report” (1994) identified 16 key areas to defeat threats.–detection–defeatVulnerablilities•Depth•Rock-mass strength•Surface-layer penetrability–function of compressive strength–quality of rock (jointing, faulting, etc.)–depth of weathered rockVulnerabilities•With known data, modeling is possible•Projected penetration•Acceptable riskOur Little FriendAerial delivered “bunker buster” GAMWarhead ~4500 lbsPenetration: Concrete - 20 ft; Earth Works - 100 ftNot so FriendlyWarhead Yield 50-350 KT or conventionalRange of 200-600 kmsChinese made DF-15 (aka M-9)High mobility wheeled launch platformSummary•History•Geology and facilities•VulnerabilitiesQuestionsConclusion•Throughout history mankind has hidden underground when seeking protection. By using precise geotechnical data, we can effectively determine both our own degree of protection and the most efficient way of defeating an underground
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