BRIEF OVERVIEW BRIEF OVERVIEW MILITARY MILITARY APPLICATIONS OF APPLICATIONS OF UNDERGROUND UNDERGROUND OPENINGSOPENINGSJ. David RogersJ. David RogersGeological EngineeringGeological EngineeringUniversity of MissouriUniversity of Missouri--RollaRollaHISTORIC EXAMPLESHISTORIC EXAMPLESSappers used to penetrate medieval Sappers used to penetrate medieval castles, resulting in perimeter moatscastles, resulting in perimeter moatsCrater tunnels excavated during Crater tunnels excavated during American Civil War and First World WarAmerican Civil War and First World WarSewer systems utilized by insurgents in Sewer systems utilized by insurgents in Warsaw Ghetto during WW2Warsaw Ghetto during WW2BataanBataanPeninsula Redoubt WW2Peninsula Redoubt WW2German aircraft production moved German aircraft production moved below ground during WW2 below ground during WW2HISTORIC EXAMPLESHISTORIC EXAMPLESUnderground POL storage at Pearl Harbor Underground POL storage at Pearl Harbor Strategic POL reserve excavated by Japan Strategic POL reserve excavated by Japan Hardened sites excavated by former Soviet Hardened sites excavated by former Soviet Union to protect high value targetsUnion to protect high value targetsSilos for ballistic missile complexesSilos for ballistic missile complexesNorth Korean infiltration tunnelsNorth Korean infiltration tunnelsTunnels of Cu Chi in Iron Triangle of South Tunnels of Cu Chi in Iron Triangle of South VietnamVietnamCaves used by Caves used by MujahideenMujahideenin Afghanistan in Afghanistan Underground nuclear waste storageUnderground nuclear waste storageWater Supply InfrastructureWater Supply InfrastructureAncient Jerusalem was equipped with a Ancient Jerusalem was equipped with a defendable water supply to survive siege defendable water supply to survive siege warfare in 700 BCwarfare in 700 BCWarren’s Shaft was discovered in 1867. The shaft Warren’s Shaft was discovered in 1867. The shaft allowed water from the allowed water from the GihonGihonSpring to be accessed Spring to be accessed from behind the walls of Jerusalem from behind the walls of JerusalemHezekiah’s Tunnel was excavated from both Hezekiah’s Tunnel was excavated from both portals simultaneously when Jerusalem was portals simultaneously when Jerusalem was threatened by an Assyrian siege.threatened by an Assyrian siege.Hezekiah’s Tunnel Hezekiah’s Tunnel was rewas re--discovered discovered by British explorer by British explorer Edwin Robinson in Edwin Robinson in April 1838 as part April 1838 as part of the English of the English Palestine Palestine Exploration Fund. Exploration Fund. The tunnel is 1750 The tunnel is 1750 feet long between feet long between the the GihonGihonSpring in Spring in the the KidronKidronValley Valley and the Pool of and the Pool of Siloam, inside the Siloam, inside the old city wall.old city wall.According to According to scriptures, the scriptures, the water supply water supply tunnel was tunnel was excavated excavated during the reign during the reign of Israeli King of Israeli King Hezekiah in 701 Hezekiah in 701 BCBCNote serpentine Note serpentine path, following path, following solution cavities solution cavities in the limestonein the limestoneHezekiah’s Tunnel Hezekiah’s Tunnel --701 BC701 BCThe tunnel was discovered by Edwin Robinson in 1838. The Siloam Inscription was discovered at the meeting point in 1880. It was cleared by Montague Parker’s team in 1909-11. cleaned out by Israeli archaeologists in 1973.The inscription is on display at a museum in Jerusalem.Siloam InscriptionSiloam InscriptionThe Siloam Inscription was discovered by two boys in 1880 about The Siloam Inscription was discovered by two boys in 1880 about 20 feet 20 feet in from the tunnel’s mouth in the Pool of Siloam. It reads:in from the tunnel’s mouth in the Pool of Siloam. It reads:"[...when] (the tunnel) was driven through. And this was the way"[...when] (the tunnel) was driven through. And this was the wayin which in which it was cut through: it was cut through: ----while...] (were) still [...] axes (s) , each man toward while...] (were) still [...] axes (s) , each man toward his fellow, and while there were still three cubits to be cut thhis fellow, and while there were still three cubits to be cut through, [there rough, [there was heard] the voice of a man calling to his fellow, for there wwas heard] the voice of a man calling to his fellow, for there was an as an overlap in the rock on the right [and on the left]. And when theoverlap in the rock on the right [and on the left]. And when thetunnel was tunnel was driven through, the quarrymen hewed (the rock), each man toward driven through, the quarrymen hewed (the rock), each man toward his his fellow, axe against axe; and the water flowed from the spring tofellow, axe against axe; and the water flowed from the spring toward the ward the reservoir for 1,200 cubits and the height of the rock above the reservoir for 1,200 cubits and the height of the rock above the head (s) of head (s) of the quarrymen was 100 cubits."the quarrymen was 100 cubits."Ancient cities were equipped with buried water supply Ancient cities were equipped with buried water supply and storage systems to enable survival under sieges. and storage systems to enable survival under sieges. Nebuchadnezzar's unsuccessful siege of Nebuchadnezzar's unsuccessful siege of TyreTyrelasted 15 lasted 15 years, between 586 and 571 BC.years, between 586 and 571 BC.The ancient tell of Megiddo is typical of fortress The ancient tell of Megiddo is typical of fortress cities throughout antiquity, with a stonecities throughout antiquity, with a stone--faced faced glacis, main entry gate with multiple guard glacis, main entry gate with multiple guard towers, commanding view of the surrounding towers, commanding view of the surrounding country and a siegecountry and a siege--proof source of water.proof source of water.MEGIDDO WATER TUNNELMEGIDDO WATER TUNNEL2800 years ago King Ahab excavated a secure 2800 years ago King Ahab excavated a secure water supply by excavating a 390water supply by excavating a 390--ft long tunnel ft long tunnel to the springs that lay outside the city walls. The to the springs that lay outside the city walls. The entry shaft (at left) was 200 feet deep. entry shaft (at