Some Practical Applications of FORENSIC SEISMOLOGYExplosions release energy similar to earthquakesNUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY VERIFICATIONComprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)International Monitoring SystemNuclear Detonations vs. EarthquakesSEISMIC WAVE PROPERTIESINDIA - PAKISTAN NUCLEAR TESTS IN 1998SEISMIC SIGNATURESP/S RATIOSSEISMIC DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN EARTHQUAKES AND EXPLOSIONSSEISMIC DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN EARTHQUAKES AND EXPLOSIONSFUTURE MONITORINGTHE EMERGING FIELD OF FORENSIC SEISMOLOGYWhat is a Seismograph?What is a Geophone?SEISMIC DATASEISMIC DATA CAN BE USED TO CHARACTERIZE ALL KINDS OF ENERGY RELEASE EVENTS EXAMPLES OF NON-EARTHQUAKE SEISMIC SOURCESLOCATIONS OF SEISMOGRAPHS IN OKLAHOMA CITYApril 19, 1995 Truck Bomb ExplosionRESULTS OF MONITORING BUILDING DEMOLITIONVALIDATION OF SEISMIC MODELANFO Barrels arraigned to form a Shaped ChargeCONCLUSIONS from USGS STUDY - 1CONCLUSIONS from USGS STUDY - 2CONCLUSIONS from USGS STUDY - 3 ATTACK ON U.S EMBASSY IN NAIROBI, KENYA – AUGUST 1998Basic Facts of Nairobi AttackU.S EMBASSY IN NAIROBI, KENYASEISMIC STATION NAIResults from Waveform ModelingENERGY PARTITIONINGYIELD ESTIMATION for TRUCKBOMBSTruck Bomb Explosions Carried Out at White Sands Missile RangeWaveform ComparisonUseful Waveform PropertiesSCALING LAW DEVELOPMENTNAIROBI BOMBING SUMMARYKURSK DISASTERArmament Carried by the Russian Submarine Kursk FIRST SEISMIC RESULT:SECOND SEISMIC RESULTBUBBLE PULSES: The Fingerprint of an Underwater ExplosionTypical Shock TestTHE KURSK BUBBLE PULSETHIRD SEISMIC RESULT: Relative Size of ExplosionsTHIRD SEISMIC RESULT: Relative Size of ExplosionsFOURTH SEISMIC RESULT: Absolute Size of ExplosionsTHE KURSK BUBBLE PULSEBUBBLE PULSE FREQUENCYBUBBLE PULSE FREQUENCYFOURTH SEISMIC RESULT: Absolute Size of ExplosionsRESULTS of KURSK INVESTIGATION - 1RESULTS of KURSK INVESTIGATION - 2KURSK POSTSCRIPT -1CARLSBAD PIPELINE EXPLOSIONLOCATIONThe explosion occurred adjacent to five bridges that convey four natural gas pipelines across the Pecos River about 4.5 miles Fire burning from crater area for over an hour after the initial explosion. Note bridge towers. Looking west at a portion of the blast crater. Four sections of pipe (comprising 49 lineal feet) between the arrows were ejecFractured section of Pipeline 1103. Examination of the four sections of pipe ejected from the blast crater revealed extensiveESTIMATING THE SIZE OF THE EXPLOSIONThree Pulses – 1 Blowout, 2 IgnitionsExtended Coda wave train from Fireball Combustion Relative timing of sources, deduced from simple linear regression Freshman math courses occasionally useful in real world apCARLSBAD EXPLOSION SUMMARY Slide # 1CARLSBAD EXPLOSION SUMMARY Slide # 2CARLSBAD EXPLOSION SUMMARY Slide # 3CARLSBAD EXPLOSION SUMMARY Slide # 4SUMMARY COMMENTS - 1SUMMARY COMMENTS - 2Some Practical Applications ofSome Practical Applications ofFORENSIC FORENSIC SEISMOLOGYSEISMOLOGYJ. David RogersJ. David RogersGeological Sciences & EngineeringGeological Sciences & EngineeringUniversity of MissouriUniversity of Missouri--RollaRollaKeith D. KoperKeith D. KoperDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesSt. Louis UniversitySt. Louis UniversityExplosions Explosions release energy release energy similar to similar to earthquakesearthquakesOn the night of May 16On the night of May 16--14, 1943 British 14, 1943 British bombers struck the bombers struck the MohneMohne, Eder and , Eder and SorpeSorpeDams in the German Ruhr Valley, destroying Dams in the German Ruhr Valley, destroying two of them. The inset image shows the blips two of them. The inset image shows the blips on the trace of the seismograph at the on the trace of the seismograph at the InstitutInstitutffüürrGeophysikGeophysikat at GGööttingenttingen, 130 km distant. , 130 km distant.The The GGööttingenttingenseismograph recorded 7 of 11 explosions seismograph recorded 7 of 11 explosions at the at the MohneMohne(130 km), Eder (75 km) (130 km), Eder (75 km) SorpeSorpe(139 km) (139 km) dams. The explosions that were not recorded occurred dams. The explosions that were not recorded occurred either in the air above ground or within the earthen either in the air above ground or within the earthen embankment of the embankment of the SorpeSorpeDam. Dam.The origins of forensic seismology can be traced to the establishment of nuclear test ban treatiesNUCLEAR TEST BAN NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY VERIFICATIONTREATY VERIFICATIONComprehensive NuclearComprehensive Nuclear--TestTest--Ban Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)Treaty Organization (CTBTO)Organized in 1996Organized in 1996Most recent international effort to reduce Most recent international effort to reduce nuclear weapons proliferationnuclear weapons proliferationBy the end of 2004, 41 of 44 countries had By the end of 2004, 41 of 44 countries had signed it; 33 of 44 nations have ratified itsigned it; 33 of 44 nations have ratified itCTBTO created the International Monitoring CTBTO created the International Monitoring System (IMS)System (IMS)““Convinced that the most effective way to achieve an end to Convinced that the most effective way to achieve an end to nuclear testing is through the conclusion of a universal and nuclear testing is through the conclusion of a universal and internationally and effectively verifiable comprehensive internationally and effectively verifiable comprehensive nuclear testnuclear test--ban treaty, which has long been one of the ban treaty, which has long been one of the highest priority objectives of the international community in highest priority objectives of the international community in the field of disarmament and nonthe field of disarmament and non--proliferationproliferation””International Monitoring SystemInternational Monitoring SystemNuclear Detonations vs. EarthquakesNuclear Detonations vs. EarthquakesSEISMIC WAVE PROPERTIESSEISMIC WAVE PROPERTIESP waves dominateCompressional wavesSimilar to sound wavesS waves dominateTransverse wavesSimilar to shaking one end of ropeUNDERGROUND NUCLEAR BLASTSNATURALEARTHQUAKESINDIA INDIA --PAKISTAN NUCLEAR TESTS IN 1998PAKISTAN NUCLEAR TESTS IN 1998SEISMIC SIGNATURESSEISMIC SIGNATURESP/S RATIOSP/S RATIOSSEISMIC DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN SEISMIC DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN EARTHQUAKES AND EXPLOSIONSEARTHQUAKES AND EXPLOSIONSML local Richter Magnitude Scale MOScalar Moment short period energy long period