Afghanistan•Pakistan: 2,430km•Tajikistan: 1,206km•Iran: 936km•Turkmenistan:744km•Uzbekistan: 137km•China: 76kmBordersBackground Information• Largest Cities• City Population Estimated• Kabul (capital) 2,142,3002002• Qandahar 339,2002002• Mazer-e-Sharif 239,8002002• Key Data• Region: Asia • Population: 24,405,000 (estimated)• Area Total: 647,500 km2• Coast Line: LandlockedAfghanis• Ethnic Divisions• Pashtun 38%•Tajiks25%•Hazara19%• Other 7%• Uzbek 6%•Turkmen 2%• Qizilbash 1%• Religions• Sunni Muslim 84%• Shi`a Muslim 15%• Other 1%More Key Data• Languages:• PashtuAfghan PersianTurkic Languages30 minor languages• Currency: 1 afghani (AF) = 100 puls• Holiday: Independence Day, 19 August• Climate : arid to semiarid•Kabul – January: 27°F– July: 76°F• Annual Rainfall: 13'‘• Cold winters and hot summers • Similar to Denver, CO-Isolationism-Russia’s influence-Outdated data-Mining-Key rock types-Fuel Resources mostly in North-Tectonic compressionzone, formedwithHimalayas-Many GasPockets mostlyin Jurassic, some in theCretaceous-Few Oil Trapsin Neogene andPaleogene Beds-Stable sinceMesozoicSandstone Bluffstypify the Central RegionHari Rud Strike-Slip FaultAerial Photo of Northern Kabul Region-Mountains surrounding river valley with alluvial vegetated areaat valley endGeology of AfghanistanSimulated Hyperspectral Classification of Surface MaterialsReferences• Schindler, J. Stephen. Geotimes, “Afghanistan, Geology in a Troubled Land.” February 2002, p14-18.• www.countrywatch.com(maps and population statistics online).• Arnold, Anthony. Afghanistan: The Soviet invasion in perspective. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 1985.• Collins, Joseph J. The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. Lexington Books, 1986.References• Fletcher, Arnold. Afghanistan: Highway of Conquest. Cornell University Press, 1965.• Griffiths, John C. Afghanistan: Key to a Continent. Westview Press, Colorado, 1981.• Journal of Petroleum Geology: Petroleum Geology of Afghanistan, Part I and II, (Courtesy of Bill Osten, Houston Geological Society): Internet Geology News Letter No. 117, October 1, 2001 No. 118, October 8,
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